Perinatal exposure to nicotine disrupts circadian locomotor and learning efficiency rhythms in juvenile mice
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Perinatal exposure to nicotine disrupts circadian locomotor and learning efficiency rhythms in juvenile mice Martin A. Fuentes‑Cano1 · Dulce J. Bustamante‑Valdez1 · Pilar Durán1 Received: 21 August 2019 / Accepted: 31 July 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The increased rates of nicotine exposure by electronic nicotine delivery systems (vaping), ingestion, or patches during pregnancy as an alternative to the smoking of tobacco arise concerns about the neurodevelopmental, cognitive, and behavioral long-term consequences in the juvenile offspring. Nowadays, the use of electronic cigarettes as supposed a safer smoking alternative has been increased mainly in young females at reproductive age, due to the “safety” misconception. However, previous studies suggest that exposure to nicotine during pregnancy and prenatal development may lead to detrimental effects in the postnatal lifespan. Nicotine, as an alkaloid, alters the reward system acting as acetylcholine (ACh) agonist on nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChRs). In early brain development, the cholinergic system is also involved in neurite outgrowth, cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, neurogenesis, and many other critical processes being considered as a developmental signal marker. The nicotine noxious effect at those early stages may impact the system programming and plasticity in the longterm postnatal life. In this study, we analyze the circadian locomotor activity and learning efficiency rhythms in the juvenile male offspring of mice exposed to nicotine through pregnancy and lactation. Attenuated rhythm amplitude and relative power of the circadian component were found in the nicotine exposed offspring (pN). The acrophase (the best performance during a 24-h cycle) of learning efficiency was delayed and the long-term memory consolidation task failed after 8 days of learning experience. The aforementioned results suggest nicotine exposure in uterus modifies the circadian modulation related to the memory consolidation and locomotor systems as well as its environmental temporal synchronization. Keywords Prenatal nicotine · Cholinergic system · Circadian rhythms · Brain development · Mice
Introduction Nicotine perinatal exposure, whether from smoking, vaping, ingesting, or in the form of patches, has been considered a public health problem associated with several adverse neurobehavioral effects. Either as an active or passive consumer, nicotine plasma concentrations can reach high levels (up to 3 mg/kg/day or 25 ng/ml plasma nicotine levels) in humans (Trauth et al. 2000; Slotkin 2004). During pregnancy, this conveys a risk factor for fetal and neonatal development of
* Pilar Durán [email protected] 1
Laboratorio de Biología Animal Experimental, Depto. Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Neurofisiología del Desarrollo y Ritmos Biológicos, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Copilco‑Universidad, Coyoacán, México City 04510, México
the offspring. As an agonist
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