Pharmacognostic characteristics and phytochemical profile of various parts of Parthenium hysterophorus
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Pharmacognostic characteristics and phytochemical profile of various parts of Parthenium hysterophorus Ghazala Begum1 · Ghulam Dastagir1 · Abdur Rauf2 · Saud Bawazeer3 · Khaliq Ur Rahman2 · Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan4,5 Received: 17 December 2019 / Accepted: 28 April 2020 © Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei 2020
Abstract Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Congress grass, family Asteraceae) is found throughout the global agricultural and vacant lands. In the present work, the pharmacognostic, pharmacological and allelopathic traits of various parts (root, stem and leaves) of P. hysterophorus grown in Pakistan were investigated. P. hysterophorus growing/flowering season starts from March–April till August–September. The plant has tap root with numerous rootlets and root hairs. Stem is straight, with light groove, covered with hairs and numerous profusely branches, wherein the stem reaches up to 150 cm in height. The leaves are simple, dull green in color, alternate, leaflets with profusely dissected regions and hairs are present on the lower surface of leaf. Transverse section (TS) of root revealed epidermis, cortex, endodermis, xylem, phloem and medullary rays running from endodermis towards the center. TS of stem was circular in outline with shallow ridges covered with hairs. TS of leaf consisted of epidermis, which is intermitted by simple, glandular, branched and multicellular trichomes. Powder drug microscopy of roots revealed the presence of epidermal cell, phloem elements, fiber, cluster/group of fibers, root hairs, xylem vessels and medullary rays. The stem powder drug microscopy showed the presence of trichomes, fibers, parenchymatous cells, lignified vessel, group/cluster of vessels, secretory gland with epidermal cells, prismatic crystal of Ca oxalate and phloem elements with parenchyma cells. Phytochemical screening of diethyl ether, ethanol and aqueous extracts of root, stem and leaves showed the presence of amino acids, fixed oils, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, carbohydrates, proteins and triterpenoids, while steroidal glycosides, gum and mucilage were absent in all plant parts. Chemical composition showed that moisture, lipids, protein contents and total gross energy were higher in plant grown in summer season as compared to winter season. On the other hand, ash, fibers and carbohydrate contents were higher in winter and declined in summer season. Keywords Congress grass · Asteraceae · Transverse section · Phytochemistry · Pharmacognosy · Pharmacology
1 Introduction Pharmacognosy is the study related to pharmaceutical sciences, which deals with the production, discovery, standardization and characterization of natural drug (Dhami
2013; Rajalakshmi et al. 2019). Pharmacognosy is the interdisciplinary study among the inter-collaborative biosciences such as animal physiology, anthropology, biochemistry, botany, cell biology, economics, microbiology,
* Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan [email protected]; [email protected]
1
Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakista
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