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REPORT

16

Kai Mangelsdorf, Cornelia Karger, and Klaus-G. Zink

Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The Life Marker Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Lipid Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Extract Column Fractionation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Detection of Phospholipids Using HPLC-MS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Detection of Phospholipid Fatty Acids (PLFAs) and Phospholipid Ethers (PLELs) Using GC-MS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 Determination of Phospholipid Fatty Acid Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Applications of Phospholipid Biomarkers in Geoscience Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Presence and Abundance of Microbial Life in Natural Habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Taxonomic Information from PLFAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Membrane Adaptation to Environmental Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Monitoring of Microbial Life Over Time and Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Research Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

446 447 451 451 451 452 455 455 457 457 460 461 465 466 467

Abstract

Microbial life plays a significant role not only in the biological surface but also in the geological subsurface carbon cycle as indicated by the widespread findings of microbial communities (deep biosphere) in the deep underground. Thereby, microorganisms occupy a wide range of different habitats determined by moderate to extreme environmental conditions. Suitable analytical tools are required to assess the presence, spatial distribution, abundance, and composition of microbial K. Mangelsdorf (*) · C. Karger · K.-G. Zink GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences – Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Organic Geochemistry, Potsdam, Germany e-mail: [email protected]; cornelia.karger@gf

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