Physics and Contemporary Needs Volume 3
These proceedings cover the lectures delivered at the Third International Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs held from June 17 - July 5, 1978 at Nathiagali, one of the scenic hill resorts in the northern part of Pakistan. The college was org
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CONTEMPORARY
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A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume Immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
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EdiTEd by RiAzuddiN Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan
PlENUM PRESS . NEW YORk ANd LONdoN
The Library of Congress cataloged the first volume of this title as follows: International Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs. Physics and contemporary needs. v. 11976New York, Plenum Press. 2 v. ill. 26 cm. annual "Proceedings of the International Summer College on Physcis and Contemporary Needs." Key title: Physics and contemporary needs, ISSN 0163-2051 1. Physics-Congresses. 2. Geophysics-Congresses. 3. Technology-Congresses. I. Title. QCl.I 647a 530 78-647137
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 78-647137 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-3589-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-3587-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3587-0
Lectures presented at the Third International Summer College on Physics an'd Contemporary Needs, Nathiagali, Pakistan, June 17-July 5,1978 ©1979 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1979 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
These proceedings cover the lectures delivered at the Third International Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs held from June 17 - July 5, 1978 at Nathiagali, one of the scenic hill resorts in the northern part of Pakistan. The college was organized by The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and co-sponsored by the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste (ICTP). It also received a financial grant by the University Grants Commission for the participation of physicists from various universities of Pakistan. The college was attended by 14 lecturers, 2 invited seminar speakers and 156 participants from 23 countries and consisted of 15 concentrated days of lectures, seminars and informal discussions. These proceedings contain only regular lectures delivered there, but the seminars which were held there are listed in the Appendix. This year the college put special emphasis on energy, particularly on nuclear energy and its role in the context of energy systems. However the lectures delivered at the college also covered a wide spectrum of physics. The lectures gave an overview of various topics covered at the college and emphasized the inter-disciplinary aspects of physics. Some of the lecturers also indicated the areas where research in developing countries with limited facilities could be carried out. The college had a definite objective of encouraging the physicists, part~cularly those wor
