Phytochemical Methods A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis
While there are many books available on methods of organic and biochemical analysis, the majority are either primarily concerned with the application of a particular technique (e.g. paper chromatography) or have been written for an audience of chemists or
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Phytochemical Methods A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis
J. B. HARBORNE Professor of Botany University of Reading
LONDON
NEW YORK
CHAPMAN AND HALL
First published in 1973 by Chapman and Hall Ltd 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE First issued as a Science Paperback 1980 Published in the USA by Chapman and Hall in association with Methuen, Inc. 733 Third Avenue, New York NY 10017
© 1973 J. B. Harborne Printed and bound in Great Britain by Fakenham Press Limited Fakenham, Norfolk
ISBN-13: 978-0-412-23050-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-5921-7 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-5921-7 This paperback edition is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without the permission in writing from the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Harborne, Jeffrey Barry Phytochemical methods. - (Science paperbacks). 1. Plants - Chemical analysis 1. Title II. Series 581.1 '9'24 QK865 80-40782
Contents page
Preface
1
1.1. 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
vii
Glossary
ix
Methods of Plant Analysis Introduction Methods of Extraction and Isolation Methods of Separation Methods of Identification Applications
1 1 4 7 14 26
Phenolic Compounds Introduction Phenols and Phenolic Acids Phenylpropanoids Flavonoid Pigments Anthocyanins Flavonols and Flavones Minor Flavonoids, Xanthones and Stilbenes Quinone Pigments
33 33 34 41 52 59 66 74 80
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
The Terpenoids Introduction Essential Oils Diterpenoids and Gibberellins Triterpenoids and Steroids Carotenoids
89 89 92 105
4
Organic Acids, Lipids and Related Compounds
4.1
Plant Acids
132 132
3
v
109
119
VI
CONTENTS
4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
Fatty Acids and Lipids Alkanes and Related Hydrocarbons Polyacetylenes Sulphur Compounds
140 150 154 159
5
Nitrogen Compounds
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8
Introduction Amino Acids Amines Alkaloids Cyanogenic Glycosides Indoles Purines, Pyrimidines and Cytokinins The Chlorophylls
166 166 168 177 182 192 195 198 204
6
Sugars and their Derivatives
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4
Introduction Monosaccharides Oligosaccharides Sugar Alcohols and Cyclitols
212 212 213 221 226
7
Macromolecules Introduction Nucleic Acids Proteins Polysaccharides
233 233 236 243 255
Index
271
7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4
Preface While there are many books available on methods of organic and biochemical analysis, the majority are either primarily concerned with the application of a particular technique (e.g. paper chromatography) or have been written for an audien
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