PIWI-interacting RNAs and PIWI proteins in glioma: molecular pathogenesis and role as biomarkers
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(2020) 18:168
REVIEW
Open Access
PIWI-interacting RNAs and PIWI proteins in glioma: molecular pathogenesis and role as biomarkers Omid Reza Tamtaji1, Mohammad Behnam2, Mohammad Ali Pourattar3, Michael R. Hamblin4, Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran5,6, Hamed Mirzaei1* and Zatollah Asemi1*
Abstract Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor, and is a major health problem throughout the world. Today, researchers have discovered many risk factors that are associated with the initiation and progression of gliomas. Studies have shown that PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and PIWI proteins are involved in tumorigenesis by epigenetic mechanisms. Hence, it seems that piRNAs and PIWI proteins may be potential prognostic, diagnostic or therapeutic biomarkers in the treatment of glioma. Previous studies have demonstrated a relationship between piRNAs and PIWI proteins and some of the molecular and cellular pathways in glioma. Here, we summarize recent evidence and evaluate the molecular mechanisms by which piRNAs and PIWI proteins are involved in glioma. Keywords: piRNAs, PIWI protein, Glioma, Apoptosis, Migration, Invasion
Background Glioma is known as the most common primary brain tumors and is one of the major global health problems worldwide. Glioma tumors can occur in different parts of the central nervous system (CNS) [1]. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified gliomas into low-grade and high-grade; 10% are low-grade glioma (LGG) while 90% are high-grade glioma (HGG) [2]. Primary brain tumors are classified into four grades (I, II, III, and IV) based on their microscopic appearance, and their prognosis and therapy depend on the grade. LGGs are divided into grades I and II; including various types of astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, gangliogliomas, desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma, dysembroplastic neuroepithelial tumors and mixed glioma [3]. HGGs are divided into * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
grades III and IV; grade III includes anaplastic astrocytoma, anaplastic ependymoma and anaplastic oligodendroglioma; grade IV includes gliosarcoma and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) [4, 5]. Hypo-fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy is an effective treatment that helps to improve the quality of life in HGG [6]. In addition, a significant prolongation of survival is obtained by chemotherapy with a 15% relative reduction of the risk of death [7]. A study reported that temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy can be a valid option for treatment of LGG [8]. In addition, it has been reported that there was no significant difference between the effects of radiotherapy alone versus temozolomide chemotherapy alone in the treatment of patients with LGG [9]. Recently, it has been demonstrated that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play essential roles in the pathophysiology
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