Plankton variations in Lake Cote, Costa Rica, from 2002 to 2018
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TROPICAL LAKES
Plankton variations in Lake Cote, Costa Rica, from 2002 to 2018 Gerardo Uman˜a-Villalobos
. Lidia Avile´s-Vargas
Received: 2 August 2019 / Revised: 12 August 2020 / Accepted: 14 August 2020 Ó Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Long-term plankton studies in neotropical lakes are scarce. Here we studied plankton composition in Lake Cote, Costa Rica, twice per year from 2002 to 2018, to monitor changes after it was modified as a reservoir for hydroelectricity in 2003. Plankton variation was examined for a long-term trend and its relationship with basic limnological characteristics of the lake. Phytoplankton was sampled from the surface and with a depth-integrating sampler. Zooplankton was caught with vertical hauls, at the same station at the middle of the lake. A total of 138 taxa of microalgae occurred, most from Chlorophyta and Cyanobacteria, to which dominant species belonged; Aulacoseira granulata was also ubiquitous. A shift in dominance occurred, from Cosmarium asphaerosporum to Aphanothece cf. microscopica, and Aphanocapsa cf. delicatissima. Zooplankton included 23 species of Cladocera, Copepoda, Rotifera, and
Guest editors: Alonso Ramı´rez, Checo Colon-Gaud, Margarita Caballero & Gabriela Va´zquez / Recent Advances in Tropical Lake Research
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-020-04387-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. G. Uman˜a-Villalobos (&) L. Avile´s-Vargas CIMAR – School of Biology, University of Costa Rica, San Jose´ 11501, Costa Rica e-mail: [email protected]
Chaoborus. Most abundant were Keratella americana, Eubosmina tubicen, and Cyclopoida; Daphnia laevis became abundant after 2007 while E. tubicen declined. There was little correspondence between both planktonic components. Plankton composition was typical of a mesotrophic to eutrophic shallow lake, but changes indicated an increase in stratification, and can be attributed to combined effects of recent warming and outflow management for hydropower production. Keywords Phytoplankton Zooplankton Neotropical lake Long-term studies Lake Cote Costa Rica
Introduction The plankton includes a wide variety of forms, from small photosynthetic cyanobacteria and pico eukaryotic microalgae, to large complex organisms such as dinoflagelates and metazoan groups such as rotifers, cladocerans and copepods, among other organisms. These organisms are indispensable in the development of the different communities present in freshwater lentic habitats, since they are the basis of the trophic structure (Wetzel, 2001; Kalff, 2002). Phytoplankton is responsible for primary production and zooplankton is a link between phytoplankton and secondary
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Hydrobiologia
consumers; in addition, some zooplankton groups such as rotifers can transfer matter and energy from bacteria and small detrital particles (Conde-Porcuna et al., 2004). The abundance, species composition and c
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