Plant-derived silica nanoparticles and composites for biosensors, bioimaging, drug delivery and supercapacitors: a revie
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REVIEW
Plant‑derived silica nanoparticles and composites for biosensors, bioimaging, drug delivery and supercapacitors: a review S. Prabha1 · D. Durgalakshmi1 · Saravanan Rajendran2 · Eric Lichtfouse3,4 Received: 14 April 2020 / Accepted: 17 October 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Silica nanoparticles have rapidly found applications in medicine, supercapacitors, batteries, optical fibers and concrete materials, because silica nanoparticles have tunable physical, chemical, optical and mechanical properties. In most applications, high-purity silica comes from synthetic organic precursors, yet this approach could be costly, polluting and non-biocompatible. Alternatively, natural silica sources from biomass are often cheap and abundant, yet they contain impurities. Silica can be extracted from corn cob, coffee husk, rice husk, sugarcane bagasse and wheat husk wastes, which are often disposed of in rivers, lands and ponds. These wastes can be used to prepare homogenous silica nanoparticles. Here we review properties, preparation and applications of silica nanoparticles. Preparation includes chemical and biomass methods. Applications include biosensors, bioimaging, drug delivery and supercapacitors. In particular, to fight the COVID-19 pandemic, recent research has shown that silver nanocluster/silica deposited on a mask reduces SARS-Cov-2 infectivity to zero. Keywords Silica nanoparticles · Structure · Biomass · Rice husk · Sugarcane bagasse · Corn cob · Synthesis · Applications · Theranostic · Supercapacitor
Introduction
* D. Durgalakshmi [email protected] S. Prabha [email protected] Saravanan Rajendran [email protected] Eric Lichtfouse [email protected] 1
Department of Medical Physics, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
2
Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda. General Velásquez, 1775 Arica, Chile
3
Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, Avenue Louis Philibert, 13100 Aix en Provence, France
4
International Research Centre for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
Silicon is a major element of earth’s crust. Silica sand, the primary ore source of silicon, is abundant and easy to process. Silica minerals are referred by quartzite, tridymite, metamorphic rock, cristobalite and minerals such as polymorphs of silica. The combination of silicon and oxygen is called silicate, and 90% of earth’s crust is made of silicate minerals. Clays and silica sand are silicate minerals that are used in applications such as making Portland cement in building mortar and modern stucco. Concrete made of silicates integrated within silica sand for making concrete is a major building material (Greenwood and Earnshaw 1997). Silicones are used for various products such as moldrelease agents, molding compounds, waxes, waterproofing treatments, mechanical seals and high-temperature greases. Silica in the
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