Plate Loading Tests on Clay with Construction and Demolition Materials
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RESEARCH ARTICLE-CIVIL ENGINEERING
Plate Loading Tests on Clay with Construction and Demolition Materials Ali Firat Cabalar1 · Mohammed Dafer Abdulnafaa2 · Volkan Isbuga3 Received: 16 February 2020 / Accepted: 29 August 2020 © King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals 2020
Abstract This study presents a series results of plate loading tests on a clay with various construction and demolition (CD) materials conducted in a large-scale model box and a numerical verification on the use of these material mixtures. The tests have been applied to the clay with three different types of CD materials (concrete, asphalt, and brick) prepared in a reinforced concrete circular box with a diameter of 2.0 m and a depth of 1.5 m. The CD materials were added to the clay with a mix ratio of 10% by dry weight and then compacted at optimum water content (wopt ) and corresponding maximum dry density (γ drymax ). The testing results have indicated that the CD materials increased the ultimate bearing capacity of the clay with a range of 50–75%. Furthermore, a remarkable correlation between the results of plate loading tests and numerical simulations made by a commercial finite element software (Plaxis 2D) was observed for all mixtures tested. Keywords Plate loading test · Clay · Construction and demolition materials · Finite element modelling
1 Introduction Across the world, the volume of construction and demolition materials (CD) has been increasing as older constructions are being demolished in order to build new ones for various reasons. For example, since two devastating earthquakes occurred in Turkey (on 17 August 1999 with Mw 7.4 and on 12 November 1999 with Mw 7.2), the government has invested greatly in buildings and infrastructure designed to withstand earthquakes, and consequently a great amount of CD waste has been produced with many negative effects on the environment and economy. In recent years, numerous researches have been carried out to reduce environmental and economical concerns, in which various CD wastes including reclaimed asphalt, crushed concrete, and bricks were used for some geotechnical applications, such as filling materials and in unbound pavement layers [1–6]. In those studies, the
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Ali Firat Cabalar [email protected]
1
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey
2
Department of Dams and Water Resources, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
CD materials were mixed with either clay or sand at different ratios and then tested in order to understand how these waste materials affected the response of the clay and/or sand. For example, Henzinger and Heyer [7] have used recycled aggregates from demolition waste for stabilization of fine-grained soil. Analysing their results proved a significant increase in shear strength values leading to high bearing capacity of treated soils. Cabalar et al. [6] have recently approved the ability to stabilize a clay for road pavement subgrade using CD
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