Pollination Ecology and the Rain Forest Sarawak Studies
The groundbreaking canopy-access and rain forest research at Lambir Hills National Park in Sarawak, Malaysia, has contributed an immense body of knowledge. Its major studies over more than a decade are synthesized here for the first time.
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Edited by M.M. Caldwell, Logan, USA G. Heldmaier, Marburg, Germany Robert B. Jackson, Durham, USA O.L. Lange, Wu¨rzburg, Germany H.A. Mooney, Stanford, USA E.-D. Schulze, Jena, Germany U. Sommer, Kiel, Germany
David W. Roubik Shoko Sakai Abang A. Hamid Karim Editors
Pollination Ecology and the Rain Forest Sarawak Studies
With 76 Illustrations, 12 in Full Color
David W. Roubik Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Ancon, Balboa Republic of Panama
Shoko Sakai Center for Ecological Research Kyoto University Kamitanakami Hiranocho Otsu 520-2113, Kyoto Japan
Abang A. Hamid Karim Department of Agriculture Menara Pelita Petra Jaya, 93050 Kuching Malaysia
Cover illustration: Concepts of coevolution, ecological fitting, and loose niches, applied to ecological interactions among plants and pollinators. Adapted from the island biogeographic model of MacArthur and Wilson, 1963. ISSN 0070-8356 ISBN 0-387-21309-0
Printed on acid-free paper.
2005 Springer Science⫹Business Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science⫹Business Media, Inc., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America. 9 8 7 6 5 4 springeronline.com
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(WBG/EB) SPIN 10958995
Preface
Rain Forest Biology and the Canopy System, Sarawak, 1992–2002 The rain forest takes an immense breath and then exhales, once every four or five years, as a major global weather pattern plays out, usually heralded by El Nin˜o–Southern Oscillation. While this powerful natural cycle has occurred for many millennia, it is during the past decade that both the climate of Earth and the people living on it have had an increasing influence on the weather pattern itself, with many biological consequences. In Southeast Asia, as also in most of the Neotropics, El Nin˜o accompanies one of the most exuberant outpourings of nature’s diversity. After several years of little activity, the incredibly diverse rain forests suddenly burst into flower—a phenomenon referred to as General Flowering in Asia. Plant populations are rejuvenated and animals are fed, but the process involves a delicate and complex balance. When the canopy access system was under construction at Lambir Hills National Park in the early 1990s, it made use of an underlying technology that was already in place: bridges. For centuries, bridges have spanned the natural chasms over rivers. This existing network of bridges and the people who built and use them produ
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