Polygenic Risk for Major Depression Interacts with Parental Criticism in Predicting Adolescent Depressive Symptom Develo
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EMPIRICAL RESEARCH
Polygenic Risk for Major Depression Interacts with Parental Criticism in Predicting Adolescent Depressive Symptom Development Stefanie A. Nelemans Wim Meeus1,6
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Marco Boks2 Bochao Lin3 Tineke Oldehinkel4 Pol van Lier5 Susan Branje1 ●
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Received: 29 June 2020 / Accepted: 2 November 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Research has focused more and more on the interplay between genetics and environment in predicting different forms of psychopathology, including depressive symptoms. While the polygenic nature of depressive symptoms is increasingly recognized, only few studies have applied a polygenic approach in gene-by-environment interaction (G × E) studies. Furthermore, longitudinal G × E studies on developmental psychopathological properties of depression are scarce. Therefore, this 6-year longitudinal community study examined the interaction between genetic risk for major depression and a multiinformant longitudinal index of critical parenting in relation to depressive symptom development from early to late adolescence. The sample consisted of 327 Dutch adolescents of European descent (56% boys; Mage T1 = 13.00, SDage T1 = 0.44). Polygenic risk for major depression was based on the Hyde et al. (Nature Genetics, 48, 1031–1036, 2016) metaanalysis and genetic sensitivity analyses were based on the 23andMe discovery dataset. Latent Growth Models suggested that polygenic risk score for major depression was associated with higher depressive symptoms across adolescence (significant main effect), particularly for those experiencing elevated levels of critical parenting (significant G × E). These findings highlight how polygenic risk for major depression in combination with a general environmental factor impacts depressive symptom development from early to late adolescence. Keywords Depressive symptoms Adolescence Longitudinal Polygenic risk score (PRS) Parenting Gene-byenvironment interaction (G × E) ●
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Introduction
These authors jointly supervised this work: Susan Branje, Wim Meeus * Stefanie A. Nelemans [email protected] 1
Department of Youth and Family, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Department of Developmental Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD; American Psychiatric Association 2013) is a common (Kessler et al. 2007) and persistent disorder (Eaton et al. 2008) that is associated with a variety of comorbid mental health problems and impaired functioning in a wide range of domains (Maske et al. 2016). A clinical diagnosis of MDD represents the extreme end of a continuous distribution of symptom s
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