Post-transcriptional and Post-translational Regulation of Steroidogenesis
Steroid hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex, testis, ovary, placenta and some peripheral tissues such as adipose tissue and brain (neurosteroids). They play important roles in carbohydrate metabolism (glucocorticoids), mineral balance (mineralocor
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Wen-Jun Shen, Zhigang Hu, Jie Hu, Fredric B. Kraemer, and Salman Azhar
Abbreviations ACAT1 ACTH AII ANC
Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 Adrenocorticotropic hormone Angiotensin II Adenine nucleotide transporter
W.-J. Shen Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Z. Hu Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology and College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China J. Hu Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA F.B. Kraemer Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA S. Azhar (*) Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 K.M.J. Menon, A.C. Goldstrohm (eds.), Post-transcriptional Mechanisms in Endocrine Regulation, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-25124-0_12
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AALO CEH CE CEs ECD ER FRET FSH hCG HDL HSL IMM LDL LH OMM NSF CYP11A1 CYP11B1 CYP11B2 CYP17 CYP21A2 PBR PDZ PKA SR-BI StAR TSPO
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Allopregnanolone Neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase Cholesteryl ester Cholesteryl esters Extracellular domain Endoplasmic reticulum Quantitative fluorescence resonance energy transfer Follicle-stimulating hormone Human chorionic gonadotropin High-density lipoprotein Hormone-sensitive lipase Inner mitochondrial membrane Low-density lipoprotein Luteinizing hormone Outer mitochondrial membrane N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor P450c11A P450c11 Aldosterone synthase P450c17 P450c21 Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor PSD-95, DglA, ZO-1 cAMP-dependent protein kinase Scavenger receptor Class B, type I Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein Translocator protein
Introduction
Steroid hormones play important roles in virtually every aspect of cellular metabolism, including the regulation of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism and immune function (glucocorticoids), as well as salt and water balance and blood pressure regulation (mineralocorticoids). They are also critically involved in the maintenance of secondary sex characteristics, reproductive functions and muscle and bone growth (testosterone, progestins and estrogens) (Hu et al. 2010). The common precursor of steroid hormone biosynthesis is cholesterol, and steroids are synthesized most prominently in the steroidogenic cells of the adrenal gland, gonads and placen
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