Prevalence, comorbidities, and sociodemographic predictors of conduct disorder: the national epidemiology of Iranian chi
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ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
Prevalence, comorbidities, and sociodemographic predictors of conduct disorder: the national epidemiology of Iranian children and adolescents psychiatric disorders (IRCAP) Maryam Salmanian1 · Mohammad Reza Mohammadi1 · Zahra Hooshyari1 · Seyed Ali Mostafavi1 · Hadi Zarafshan1 · Ali Khaleghi1 · Ameneh Ahmadi1 · Seyyed Salman Alavi1 · Alia Shakiba1 · Mehdi Rahgozar2 · Parvin Safavi3 · Soroor Arman4 · Ali Delpisheh5 · Soleiman Mohammadzadeh6 · Seyed Hamzeh Hosseini7 · Rahim Ostovar8 · Seyed Kaveh Hojjat9 · Alireza Armani10 · Siavash Talepasand11 · Shahrokh Amiri12 Received: 15 October 2018 / Accepted: 20 November 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract The aim was to evaluate the lifetime prevalence of conduct disorder according to sociodemographic characteristics, determine the sociodemographic predictors of conduct disorder, and estimate the rates of comorbidities of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with conduct disorder by age and gender. The National Epidemiology of Iranian Children and Adolescents Psychiatric Disorders was a cross-sectional, general population-based study on 30,532 children and adolescents aged 6–18 years from all provinces of Iran, which was done using multistage cluster sampling. Iranian citizens aged 6–18 years who resided at least 1 year in each province were included, and children and adolescents with severe physical illnesses that prevented them to participate in the study were excluded. The sample weighting adjustment was used, since we had randomly selected the equal number of 1000 participants of each province from the urban and rural areas. Trained psychologists conducted diagnostic interviews with the adolescents and the children’s parents using the Persian version of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children—Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS—PL). In this study, 54 children aged 6–9 years (0.58%, CI 0.47–0.77), 64 adolescents aged 10–14 years (0.57%, CI 0.47–0.77), and 117 adolescents aged 15–18 years (1.22%, CI 0.96–1.44) met the criteria of the lifetime conduct disorder. Conduct disorder was significantly more common in boys than in girls, and was significantly less prevalent among those participants whose fathers had no history of psychiatric hospitalization. Of the participants with conduct disorder, 83.4% met the criteria for at least one other psychiatric disorder. Conduct disorder had a high rate of comorbidity with oppositional defiant disorder (54.89%, CI 48.50–61.12), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (32.34%, CI 26.68–38.56), tobacco use (20.43%, CI 15.77–26.04), and depressive disorders (18.30%, CI 13.88–23.74). Because of using the diagnostic instrument, we found a low total rate of prevalence for conduct disorder; however, higher rates of it were observed among boys and adolescents. Further studies are needed to explore the nature of comorbidities of conduct disorder and to consider them in a large clinical population. Keywords Adolescents ·
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