Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Factors Among Somali Immigrants and Refugees
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Factors Among Somali Immigrants and Refugees Bjorn Westgard1 · Brian C. Martinson1 · Michael Maciosek1 · Morgan Brown1 · Zhiyuan Xu1 · Farhiya Farah3 · Osman Ahmed4 · Ahmed Dalmar5 · Diana Dubois6 · Laura Sanka6 · Douglas Pryce2 Accepted: 5 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks are of concern among immigrants and refugees settling in affluent host countries. The prevalence of CVD and risk factors among Somali African immigrants to the U.S. has not been systematically studied. Methods In 2015–2016, we surveyed 1156 adult Somalis in a Midwestern metropolitan area using respondent-driven sampling to obtain anthropometric, interview, and laboratory data about CVD and associated risk factors, demographics, and social factors. Results The prevalence of diabetes and low physical activity among men and women was high. Overweight, obesity, and dyslipidemia were also particularly prevalent. Levels of calculated CVD risk across the community were greater for men than women. Conclusion Though CVD risk is lower among Somalis than the general U.S. population, our results suggest significant prevalence of risk factors among Somali immigrants. Comparison with prior research suggests that CVD risks may be increasing, necessitating thoughtful intervention to prevent adverse population outcomes. Keywords Cardiovascular disease · Risk factors · Diabetes · Obesity · Somali · Immigrant · Refugee · Acculturation
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-020-01078-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Bjorn Westgard [email protected]
Diana Dubois [email protected]
Brian C. Martinson [email protected]
Laura Sanka [email protected]
Michael Maciosek [email protected]
Douglas Pryce [email protected]
Morgan Brown [email protected]
1
Zhiyuan Xu [email protected]
HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, 8170 33rd Avenue S., MS23301A, Minneapolis, MN 55425, USA
2
Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Farhiya Farah [email protected]
3
Saint Mary University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
4
East Africa Health Project, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Osman Ahmed [email protected]
5
Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, WI, USA
Ahmed Dalmar [email protected]
6
Wellshare International, Minneapolis, MN, USA
13
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Background and Conceptual Framework Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors are leading causes of preventable morbidity and mortality in the United States and other developed countries. Ethnic minorities in the U.S. are disproportionally affected by CVD and associated risk factors [1]. For new immigrants settling in the U.S., acculturation oft
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