Protein kinase A controls yeast growth in visible light
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Protein kinase A controls yeast growth in visible light Mikael Molin1,2* , Katarina Logg1,3, Kristofer Bodvard3, Ken Peeters1, Annabelle Forsmark1, Friederike Roger1, Anna Jörhov1, Neha Mishra1,4, Jean-Marc Billod1,5, Sabiha Amir1, Mikael Andersson1, Leif A. Eriksson1, Jonas Warringer1, Mikael Käll3 and Anders Blomberg1*
Abstract Background: A wide variety of photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic species sense and respond to light, having developed protective mechanisms to adapt to damaging effects on DNA and proteins. While the biology of UV light-induced damage has been well studied, cellular responses to stress from visible light (400–700 nm) remain poorly understood despite being a regular part of the life cycle of many organisms. Here, we developed a highthroughput method for measuring growth under visible light stress and used it to screen for light sensitivity in the yeast gene deletion collection. Results: We found genes involved in HOG pathway signaling, RNA polymerase II transcription, translation, diphthamide modifications of the translational elongation factor eEF2, and the oxidative stress response to be required for light resistance. Reduced nuclear localization of the transcription factor Msn2 and lower glycogen accumulation indicated higher protein kinase A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase, PKA) activity in many lightsensitive gene deletion strains. We therefore used an ectopic fluorescent PKA reporter and mutants with constitutively altered PKA activity to show that repression of PKA is essential for resistance to visible light. Conclusion: We conclude that yeast photobiology is multifaceted and that protein kinase A plays a key role in the ability of cells to grow upon visible light exposure. We propose that visible light impacts on the biology and evolution of many non-photosynthetic organisms and have practical implications for how organisms are studied in the laboratory, with or without illumination. Keywords: Visible light, Light sensitivity, Genome-wide screen, Yeast, Protein kinase A, HOG signaling, Diphthamide modification
Background Light is a double-edged sword: it is essential for life on the planet but also causes cell damage and death. Consequently, organisms have evolved systems not only for harvesting and converting light energy into chemical energy, but also for resisting its toxic effects. The photoprotective * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden 2 Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
role of plastoquinone-9 [1] and the dissipation of absorbed light as heat involving xanthophyll [2] are examples. A broad variety of photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms, like filamentous fungi, sense, and respond to light [3]. Adaptation to DNA and protein damage caused by ultraviolet (UV, < 400 nm)
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