Provision of iron objects in the southern borderlands of the Han Empire: a metallurgical study of iron objects from Han
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(2020) 12:230
ORIGINAL PAPER
Provision of iron objects in the southern borderlands of the Han Empire: a metallurgical study of iron objects from Han tombs in Guangzhou Wengcheong Lam 1
&
Qianglu Zhang 2 & Jianli Chen 3 & Sum Yi Wu 4
Received: 9 April 2020 / Accepted: 19 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract It is widely acknowledged that the iron industry developed during the Han period led to the widespread distribution of iron implements, but how such iron implements were supplied to the peripheries, especially the southern frontiers within the Lingnan region where evidence of local manufacturing has not been widely found, remains unclear. This paper presents the results of analyses of iron objects from Han tombs in Guangzhou, which was a major center in Lingnan, as a means of shedding light on the iron supply system in the region. The metallurgical and SEM-EDS analyses identified cast iron, fined iron, solid-state decarburization of cast iron, and bloomery iron within the tested assemblage. Since evidence for local cast iron manufacturing has not yet been identified in Lingnan, the discovery of iron or steel objects made by the cast iron process suggested that a supply and transportation system for final products might have developed linking Guangzhou, and perhaps other centers in Lingnan as well, to iron production centers located outside the region. Meanwhile, the comparison of slag inclusions (SIs) in bloomery iron products from Guangzhou and smelting slag samples from the Guiping-Pingnan area of Guangxi, which were dated between the Han and Southern dynasties period, did not strongly support a link between the two areas. More studies are needed to further test this potential link. Nevertheless, through collective consideration of the available evidence, we would argue that the supply of iron daily items did rely on external sources, which suggests that a relatively well-developed transportation network might have existed between Lingnan and other parts of the Han Empire. Keywords Han Empire . Lingnan region . Guangzhou . Cast iron industry . Bloomery iron . Distribution . Burial goods
Introduction The iron industry played a critical role in the state financial system of the Han Empire (206 BCE-220 CE). By 117 BCE, Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01185-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Wengcheong Lam [email protected] 1
Department of Anthropology/Department of History, CUHK, Shatin, Hong Kong
2
Guangzhou Municipal Institute of Archaeology, Guangzhou, China
3
School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing, China
4
Department of Anthropology, CUHK, Shatin, Hong Kong
the Han state implemented the iron monopoly to take over the mining, manufacturing, and selling of iron implements throughout its territory as a way to increase its income (Wagner 2008, 192–210, 246). In ancient China, iron objects in the Central Plains region
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