Psychological variables of CrossFit participants: a systematic review
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REVIEW
Psychological variables of CrossFit participants: a systematic review Fábio Hech Dominski1,2 · Thiago Teixeira Serafim1 · Thais Cristina Siqueira1 · Alexandro Andrade1 Received: 26 March 2020 / Accepted: 30 July 2020 © Springer-Verlag Italia S.r.l., part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Objective This study aimed to review the existing literature concerning the psychological variables of CrossFit participants. Methodology This review followed the PRISMA guidelines and was documented in the PROSPERO registry (CRD42018091177). Six electronic databases (SCOPUS, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane) were searched from their inception through July 2020. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed. Results Thirty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. We observed an increase in satisfaction, clinical addiction, and enjoyment among participants related to exercise, social improvement, and high intrinsic motivation to participate for the purpose of enjoyment, challenge, and affiliation. Perceptions of effort were high among CrossFit participants. Some studies found that the reaction time was impaired after the CrossFit session, whereas others found no changes in mental health, self-esteem, and well-being after training. Conclusion Adherence and maintenance of the practice of CrossFit are related to psychological variables such as motivation and satisfaction of basic psychological needs. CrossFit participants demonstrated high perception of effort, intrinsic motivation, and reasons for practice such as enjoyment, challenge, and affiliation. The quality assessment demonstrated the need for more detail in the methods section of future investigations. Additional high-quality studies are needed to investigate the effects of CrossFit training on the mental health of participants. Keywords Sport psychology · High-intensity interval training · Motivation · Mental health · Mood
Introduction
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-020-00685-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Fábio Hech Dominski [email protected] Thiago Teixeira Serafim [email protected] Thais Cristina Siqueira [email protected] Alexandro Andrade [email protected] 1
Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology (Lape) of the Santa Catarina State University (Udesc), Pascoal Simone, 358, Coqueiros, Florianópolis, SC 88080‑350, Brazil
Univille University, Joinville, SC, Brazil
2
Extreme conditioning programs (ECPs) are physical exercise programs characterised by high intensity and high volume, with short or no rest periods [1, 2]. ECPs through exercise from gymnastics, weightlifting, calisthenics and others, aim to foster the development of physical fitness in several domains such as cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, flexibility, and power [3]. Among ECPs, some training methods have emerged as registered trademarks, such as I nsanity®, Gym J ones®, P90X®, and
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