Radar Interferometry Data Interpretation and Error Analysis
This book is the product of five and a half years of research dedicated to the und- standing of radar interferometry, a relatively new space-geodetic technique for m- suring the earth’s topography and its deformation. The main reason for undertaking this
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Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing VOLUME 2 Series Editor: Freek van der Meer, International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences, ITC, Division of Geological Survey, Enschede, The Netherlands and Department of Applied Earth Sciences, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Editorial Advisory Board: Michael Abrams, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, U.S.A. Paul Curran, University of Southampton, Department of Geography, Southampton, U.K. Arnold Dekker, CSIRO, Land and Water Division, Canberra, Australia Steven de Jong, Wageningen University and Research Center, Center for Geoinformation, Wageningen, The Netherlands Michael Schaepman, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
RADAR INTERFEROMETRY Data Interpretation and Error Analysis by
RAMON F. HANSSEN Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
eBook ISBN: Print ISBN:
0-306-47633-9 0-7923-6945-9
©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow Print ©2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at: and Kluwer's eBookstore at:
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Contents
Preface
ix
Summary
xiii
Nomenclature
xv
1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation
1 1
1.2 Background 1.3 Problem formulation, research objectives and limitations 1.4 Research methodology 1.5 Outline
2 Radar system theory and interferometric processing 2.1 Radar history and developments 2.2 Sensor characteristics 2.3 Image formation
1 3 6 7 9 9 22
2.4 SAR interferometry
23 34
2.5 Interferometric processing overview
42
3 Functional model for radar interferometry 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
61
Gauss-Markoff model definition
61
Topography estimation Deformation mapping Atmospheric mapping Generic model interferogram stacks
66 69 70 72
vi
Contents
4 Stochastic model for radar interferometry 4.1 Theory 4.2 Single-point observation statistics 4.3 Coherence and SNR 4.4 Sources of decorrelation 4.5 Integer phase ambiguities 4.6 Influence and modeling of orbital errors 4.7 Atmospheric signal: turbulence 4.8 Atmospheric signal: stratification 4.9 Error propagation and joint stochastic model 4.10 Conclusions
81 82 87 96 98 111 113 130 148 154 159
5 Data analysis and interpretation for deformation monitoring 5.1 Decomposition of the displacement vector 5.2 Corner reflector experiments 5.3 Groningen coherence estimation 5.4 Cerro Prieto geothermal field 5.5 Izmit earthquake 5.6 Conclusions
161 162
6 Atmospheric monitoring 6.1 Theory 6.2 Refractivity sensitivity analysis 6.3 Ionospheric influence 6.4 Water vapor mapping 6.5 Combining amplitude and phase information 6.6 Validation radar interferometry using Meteosat radiometry 6.7 Spatial moisture distribution during CLARA 96 6.8 Conclusions
197 199
