Range and Classification of Sleep Disorders
The recognition and growth of sleep medicine as a clinical specialty is manifested by the inclusion of sleep disorders in disease classification systems from the 1970s. The task of developing a classification system for sleep disorders has been undertaken
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Range and Classification of Sleep Disorders Helen S. Driver and Muhannad Hawari
The recognition and growth of sleep medicine as a clinical specialty is manifested by the inclusion of sleep disorders in disease classification systems from the 1970s. The task of developing a classification system for sleep disorders has been undertaken by three organizations, namely, the World Health Organization (WHO), the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and associations and societies involved in sleep medicine as a clinical discipline, most recently the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). Three different classification systems have evolved: first, with sleep disorders being added to a general coding system, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)(World Health Organization 1977, 1994, 2011); second, designed for use by mental health professionals, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)(American Psychiatric Association 1994, 2013); and third, developed by and for specialists in sleep medicine, the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD)(Association of Sleep Disorders Centers 1979, 1990, 1997; American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2005, 2014). A summary of the development of these three nosologies from the 1970s to the present is summarized in Table 2.1. In examining their development, it is important to recognize how the classification systems should, and do, evolve in response to other classification systems, as well as advances in scientific knowledge and clinical experience.
H. S. Driver, Ph.D. (*) · M. Hawari, M.D. Queen’s University and Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018 H. Selsick (ed.), Sleep Disorders in Psychiatric Patients, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54836-9_2
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H. S. Driver and M. Hawari
Table 2.1 Development of three different sleep disorder classification systems over 40 years from the 1970s–2010s World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes 1970s and 1980s
1990s and 2000s
1980 and 1994: ICD-9 and ICD-9-CM Sleep disorders characterized as endogenous, i.e. organic, or exogenous, i.e. nonorganic Organic 780.5x Insomnia 780.52 Hypersomnolence 780.54 Nonorganic 307.4x Sleepwalking 307.46 Shift work 307.45 Other disease categories: Narcolepsy 347.0x RLS 333 Breathing disorders 327.2x Cheyne-Stokes breathing 786.04 1994 to present: ICD-10 Chapter VI (G) diseases of the nervous system Sleep disorders G47 Insomnia G47.00 Hypersomnolence G47.10 Shift work G47.26 Narcolepsy G47.4xx Breathing disorders G47.3x RLS G25.81 Chapter V (F) mental and behavioural disorders F51 Sleepwalking F51.3 Cheyne-Stokes breathing R06.3
American Psychiatric Association (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 1987: DSM-III-R Dyssomnias (intrinsic/organic) Primary v
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