Rapid and Non-Invasive Bio-Photonic Techniques for Morphological and Functional State Study of Lycopene in Tomato and To
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Rapid and Non-Invasive Bio-Photonic Techniques for Morphological and Functional State Study of Lycopene in Tomato and Tomato Products Hafeez Ullaha, *, Farah Andleeba, b, c, Sadia Malika, b, c, Muhammad Asima, Alia Nazira, and Zahida Batoola a
Biophotonics Imaging Techniques Laboratory, Department of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100 Pakistan b Department of Physics, Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahwalpur, 63100 Pakistan c Department of Physics, COMSATS, Lahore, 54000 Pakistan *e-mail: [email protected] Received December 23, 2019
Abstract—The natural red pigment compound of tomato is lycopene which is responsible for red pigment in some fruits and vegetables. We have determined the lycopene concentration from the measured absorbance in fresh tomatoes with and without peel with different concentrations using spectrophotometric method. The measured lycopene contents vary from 3 to 33.5 mg/kg for spectral range of 444 to 560 nm. For qualitative analyses, optical coherence tomography (OCT) was utilized for vital visualization of plant tissues in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). The obtained OCT slices permitted the morphological and practical condition of plant tissues to be surveyed in vitro. The OCT technique permitted plant morphological structures to be related to more prominent confidence. The morphological and practical condition of tissues can be checked with a time resolution of 1–4 s in intact plants, without expelling them from the habitat. Keywords: spectrophotometer, lycopene concentration, tomato and its products, food quality, plant photonics, optical coherence tomography, 2D imaging, Lycopersicon esculentum DOI: 10.3103/S1068367420050092
1. INTRODUCTION The most prominent pigment of carotenoid family is lycopene which is present in human blood stream as well as red pigmenting compound of watermelon and tomato. It has been strapping strong pessimistic link among the occurrence of prostate cancer and lycopene in blood serum. In view of the fact that, lots of extra studies on human health, it is found that the usual utilization of lycopene in rich fast can prevent cardiovascular diseases and cancers like prostate, adrenal gland, pancreas [1–5]. Lycopene is also used in the treatment of hepatitis C and management of diabetes [6]. The concentration of lycopene in tomato products are more than fresh tomatoes because lycopene is a predecessor of beta-carotenoids [7]. Due to its disease preventing properties, the breeders wish to increase lycopene contents in their breeds. Improvement in noninvasive strategies for examination of three-dimensional structure of living tissues at the cell and subcellular levels is a vital methodological errand in current science. Many quantification methods of lycopene in tomatoes have been developed so far. For example, low volume hexane extraction
method [8], the tristimulus color reading technique [9], spectrophotometry [10], and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [11]. Similarly, many optical
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