Rare earth Ce- and Nd-doped spinel nickel ferrites as effective heterogeneous catalysts in the (ep)oxidation of alkenes
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Rare earth Ce‑ and Nd‑doped spinel nickel ferrites as effective heterogeneous catalysts in the (ep)oxidation of alkenes Mohamed Shaker S. Adam1,2 · Aly M. Hafez1 · Mai M. Khalaf1,2 Received: 3 April 2020 / Accepted: 16 June 2020 © Iranian Chemical Society 2020
Abstract Cerium (Ce)- and neodymium (Nd)-doped spinel nickel ferrites catalysts system were synthesized using a cost-effective sol–gel route. The as-prepared nickel ferrites and its doped Ce and Nd nanomaterials were characterized in terms of Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, selected area diffraction pattern, zeta potential and magnetism techniques. Their catalytic potential was examined in the (ep)oxidation of 1,2-cyclooctene by using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BuOOH). Optimization of various parameters, including solvent, oxidant and catalyst type revealed that chloroform ( CHCl3) or 1,2-dichloroethane as a solvent and t-BuOOH as an oxidant were found to be the best choice for this catalytic system. The catalytic efficiency was found as Nd–NiFe2O4 > Ce–NiFe2O4 > NiFe2O4. Further, the applied nanocatalysts could be easily renovated and exhibited high catalytic reactivity for 5 times of recycling experiments with long-time durability. A reasonable discussion of the mechanism reaction reinforced the action of these spinel catalysts. Keywords Nickel ferrite · Cerium- and neodymium-doped · Nanoparticles · Catalysis · (Ep)oxidation
Introduction A massive achievement in nanotechnology and nanoscience fields induces the searching for advanced synthetic procedures of various mixed metal oxides, as nanomaterials, with crucial physicochemical characteristics in alternative applicable proposes [1]. Among those uncountable mixed metal oxides [2], the magnetic spinel nanostructured ferrites, MFe2O4 (M = Co2+, Mn2+, Ni2+ and C u2+), have gained great regards of high chemical stability and marvelous magnetic features [3, 4]. This meets the requirements for wide applications, e.g., solar energy transformation [5, 6], gas sensors [7], magnetic storage materials [8, 9], catalytic Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-020-01983-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Mohamed Shaker S. Adam [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al Hofuf 31982, Al‑Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82534, Egypt
2
reagents [10–13], ferrofluids [14] and drug delivery systems [15]. Moreover, spiral ferrites are used in medical proposes, e.g., drug delivery, bio-molecules, bio-sensors and magnetic separation of cells [16, 17]. The soft ferrites with interesting structural features have an appropriate dielectric loss and low cost. The main advantage o
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