Recent advances in optical aptasensor technology for amplification strategies in cancer diagnostics
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REVIEW
Recent advances in optical aptasensor technology for amplification strategies in cancer diagnostics Xinyue Kou 1 & Xujia Zhang 2 & Xuejun Shao 3 & Chenyu Jiang 1,4 & Limin Ning 5 Received: 22 April 2020 / Revised: 25 May 2020 / Accepted: 16 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Aptamers are chemically synthetic single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules selected by molecular evolution. They have been widely used as attractive tools in biosensing and bioimaging because they can bind to a large variety of targets with high sensitivity and high affinity and specificity. As recognition elements, aptamers contribute in particular to cancer diagnostics by recognizing different cancer biomarkers, while they can also facilitate ultrasensitive detection by further employing signal amplification elements. Optical techniques have been widely used for direct and real-time monitoring of cancer-related biomolecules and bioprocesses due to the high sensitivity, quick response, and simple operation, which has greatly benefited cancer diagnostics. In this review, we highlight recent advances in optical platform-based sensing strategies for cancer diagnostics aided by aptamers. Limitations and current challenges are also discussed. Keywords Aptamer . Biosensing . Bioimaging . Cancer diagnostics . Fluorescence . Colorimetry
DNA and RNA aptamers Aptamers, first termed by Gold and Szostak, are short singlestranded oligonucleotides (usually shorter than 100 nucleotides). By folding into unique tertiary structures, aptamers are able to bind to a diversity of targets with high affinity (similar to antigen–antibody interaction) [1–4]. In 1990, Gold et al. pioneered the isolation of nucleic acid ligands against T4 DNA polymerase through a procedure called Xinyue Kou and Xujia Zhang contributed equally to this work. * Chenyu Jiang [email protected] * Limin Ning [email protected] 1
Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China
2
Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang 222000, Jiangsu, China
3
Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, Jiangsu, China
4
Jinan Guokeyigong Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd., Jinan 250103, Shandong, China
5
School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) [5]. It involved alternate cycles of ligand selection from pools of variant sequences and amplification of the bound species. Independently, in the same year, Szostak et al. isolated subpopulations of RNA molecules capable of specifically binding to a variety of organic dyes, which were then referred to “aptamers” [6]. Both DNA and RNA can be selected as aptamers [7, 8]. RNA aptamers may create a wider set of 3D structures due to the base pairing of A-U, G-C and G-U [9]. Thus, in RNA aptamers, more pockets and clefts
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