Recent advances and new strategies in Leishmaniasis diagnosis
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MINI-REVIEW
Recent advances and new strategies in Leishmaniasis diagnosis Rory Cristiane Fortes De Brito 1 & Rodrigo Dian de Oliveira Aguiar-Soares 1,2 & Jamille Mirelle de Oliveira Cardoso 1 & Wendel Coura-Vital 1,2 & Bruno Mendes Roatt 1,3,4 & Alexandre Barbosa Reis 1,2,4 Received: 21 May 2020 / Revised: 7 August 2020 / Accepted: 17 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Leishmaniasis is a set of complex and multifaceted syndromes, with different clinical manifestations, caused by different species of the genus Leishmania spp. that can be characterized by at least four syndromes: visceral leishmaniasis (VL, also known as kala-azar), post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL). Among the most serious clinical forms, VL stands out, which causes the death of around 59,000 people annually. Fast and accurate diagnosis in VL is essential to reduce the disease’s morbidity and mortality. There are a large number of diagnostic tests for leishmaniasis, however they do cross-react with other protozoa and their sensitivity changes according to the clinical form of the disease. Thus, it is essential and necessary to provide a diagnosis that is sufficiently sensitive to detect asymptomatic infected individuals and specific to discriminate individuals with other infectious and parasitic diseases, thus enabling more accurate diagnostic tools than those currently used. In this context, the aim of this review is to summarize the conventional diagnostic tools and point out the new advances and strategies on visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosis. Keywords Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis . Conventional diagnosis . Serological diagnosis . Flow cytometry diagnosis . Diagnosis by biosensors
Introduction Leishmaniases are a group of vector-borne-neglected tropical diseases caused by the protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania and are transmitted between mammalian hosts by female phlebotomine sandflies. The most serious form of the disease is visceral leishmaniasis (VL) which is caused by Rory Cristiane Fortes De Brito and Rodrigo Dian de Oliveira AguiarSoares contributed equally to this work. * Alexandre Barbosa Reis [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais 35400-000, Brazil
2
Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais 35400-00, Brazil
3
Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais 35400-000, Brazil
4
Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
L. infantum in the Mediterranean basin, Central and South America while in the Indian subcontinent and Africa by L. donovani. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL
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