Recent developments in carbon-based two-dimensional materials: synthesis and modification aspects for electrochemical se
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Recent developments in carbon-based two-dimensional materials: synthesis and modification aspects for electrochemical sensors Eva-Maria Kirchner 1 & Thomas Hirsch 1 Received: 18 May 2020 / Accepted: 24 June 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract This review (162 references) focuses on two-dimensional carbon materials, which include graphene as well as its allotropes varying in size, number of layers, and defects, for their application in electrochemical sensors. Many preparation methods are known to yield two-dimensional carbon materials which are often simply addressed as graphene, but which show huge variations in their physical and chemical properties and therefore on their sensing performance. The first section briefly reviews the most promising as well as the latest achievements in graphene synthesis based on growth and delamination techniques, such as chemical vapor deposition, liquid phase exfoliation via sonication or mechanical forces, as well as oxidative procedures ranging from chemical to electrochemical exfoliation. Two-dimensional carbon materials are highly attractive to be integrated in a wide field of sensing applications. Here, graphene is examined as recognition layer in electrochemical sensors like field-effect transistors, chemiresistors, impedance-based devices as well as voltammetric and amperometric sensors. The sensor performance is evaluated from the material’s perspective of view and revealed the impact of structure and defects of the 2D carbon materials in different transducing technologies. It is concluded that the performance of 2D carbon-based sensors is strongly related to the preparation method in combination with the electrical transduction technique. Future perspectives address challenges to transfer 2D carbon-based sensors from the lab to the market. Keywords Graphene . Reduced graphene oxide . Carbon nanomaterial . Exfoliation . Electrochemical sensor
Introduction Ten years ago, J. Justin Gooding and Filip Braet have asked, “Should you use nanotubes or graphene as carbon nanomaterial in biosensors?” [1], motivated by numerous publications on carbon nanotubes in biosensing and the start of the graphene hype, which was discovered as a single flake about 15 years ago [2]. One decade ago, only a few papers using 2D carbon materials have been published and research on this topic was in the early stage where all those interesting properties coming with this material have been described; some of them even outperforming the ones known for carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Today, carbon-based nanomaterials have become one of the dominating materials in many sensor * Thomas Hirsch [email protected] 1
Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg Germany
applications. A web-of-science survey revealed up to now more than 2.200 publications related to nanomaterial and sensing and roughly about 50% of them deal with carbon nanomaterials. On a closer look, about half of the carbon materials are from the so-called graphene family.
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