Recycling of Biomass Ashes
The use of renewable bioenergy is increasing, and so is the production of associated wastes: biomass ashes. This book presents eleven chapters on the options for recycling such biomass ashes, ranging from their use as fertilizer in agriculture and forestr
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Characterization of Olive Waste Ashes as Fertilizers Rogelio Nogales, Gabriel Delgado, Mar Quirantes, Manuel Romero, Esperanza Romero, and Eduarda Molina-Alcaide
Abstract Wet and dry olive cakes are the most important wastes generated when olive oil is produced. In recent years, both olive wastes have been incinerated to produce electricity, and thereby large amounts of fly and bottom ash are generated. In this study, physical, physicochemical, and chemical characteristics of olive waste ashes produced in Andalusian biomass power plants were analyzed to evaluate their suitability for agriculture. High variability among fly and bottom ashes may be ascribed to the origin of the olive waste and the combustion temperature. Waste olive ashes, which contained all particle sizes, showed high values of pH, salinity, water holding capacity, calcium carbonate equivalent, and P, K, Cu, and B contents. In contrast, moderate values were recorded for Ca, Mg, Zn, and Ni. Nitrogen is scarce in olive waste ashes; they thus can only be part of any fertilization strategy.
5.1
Introduction
The renewable energy consumption in the EU will increase from 11.6% in 2009 to 20% by 2020. Biomass is the main (61%) resource for the renewable energy consumed (10th EurObserv´ER 2010). In Spain, the contribution of renewable energy tp total gross domestic consumption in 2008 was 7.6%, of which biomass up 5.1 Mt (47% of total renewable energy, INE 2010). Olive oil production is one of the most important industries in Mediterranean countries. In Spain, olive tree cultivation mainly occurs in Andalusia. In 2008, 600 103–900 103 t olive oil was produced in this region, using the two-phase centrifugation systems as common (90%) extraction technology (Fig. 5.1). This system generates huge amounts (between 2.5 and 3.5 Mt/year in Andalusia) of a
R. Nogales (*), M. Quirantes, M. Romero, E. Romero, and E. Molina-Alcaide Estacio´n Experimental del Zaidı´n (CSIC), Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain e-mail: [email protected] G. Delgado Department of Edaphology, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de la Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
H. Insam and B.A. Knapp (eds.), Recycling of Biomass Ashes, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-19354-5_5, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011
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Fig. 5.1 The two-phase centrifugation system for olive oil extraction
Olives Cleaning Cleaning Leaves Millingand andbeating beating Milling Two-phase decanter
Extra olive oil
Wet olive cake or “alperujo” Drying Solvent extraction
Olive cake oil
Dry olive cake or “ orujillo”
waste called crude wet olive cake, or alperujo, which is composed of olive pulp, stones, and skins together with residual oil, and water added during the oil extraction process. Alperujo is an acidic, semihumid waste, rich in organic matter and potassium. After drying (less than 1% moisture), its low heating values ranges from 15 to18 MJ kg1. Part of this waste is dried and treated with solvents to obtain olive-cake oil and a waste called dry olive cake, or oru
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