Regulatory functions and molecular mechanisms of ethylene receptors and receptor-associated proteins in higher plants
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REVIEW PAPER
Regulatory functions and molecular mechanisms of ethylene receptors and receptor‑associated proteins in higher plants Qian Ma1 · Chun‑Hai Dong1 Received: 18 April 2020 / Accepted: 10 October 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The gaseous plant hormone ethylene plays crucial roles in many aspects of plant growth, development and stress responses. Ethylene signaling is initiated upon its binding to the ethylene receptors. Since the cloning of the first ethylene receptor ETR1 from Arabidopsis, efforts have been made in elucidation of ethylene receptor organization, signaling, and receptor-interacting proteins in higher plants. However, the update information about the ethylene receptors, receptor interacting proteins and their regulatory functions and molecular mechanisms has not been well scrutinized and discussed. Critical questions regarding the confusing or contradictory responses and phenotypes have been barely answered. This article gave an overview of the current progress in the identification, regulatory functions and possible molecular mechanisms of the ethylene receptors and receptor-interacting proteins in ethylene signaling and responses. The novel findings of the crosstalk between ethylene signaling and the other plant hormones were integrated into the review article. Questions and future research directions about the key components in the regulation of ethylene signaling were also proposed and emphasized. The update message may greatly facilitate comprehensive understanding of the ethylene signaling and molecular regulations in higher plants. Keywords Ethylene signaling · ETR1 · Ethylene receptors · Arabidopsis
Introduction The plant hormone ethylene plays crucial roles in various processes of plant growth, development and stress responses (Dubois et al. 2018). Although ethylene is produced in most tissues and cell types in higher plants, the plant epidermis is believed to be the main functioning site (Vaseva et al. 2018). Once ethylene binds to the receptors, various ethylene responses and effects are observed in seed germination, stem cell division, cell elongation and differentiation, root hair growth, seedling nutation, sex determination, fruit ripening, senescence, abscission, and responses to salt, drought, flooding, cold stresses etc. Therefore, it is important to know how ethylene functions in such diverse processes and how ethylene signaling is regulated. Arabidopsis thaliana is a good model plant for studying ethylene signaling. In darkness, Arabidopsis seedlings * Qian Ma [email protected] 1
Key Lab of Plant Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong Province, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109 Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
exhibite the typical “triple response” phenotype with ethylene treatment, including exaggerated apical hook, swelled hypocotyl, and shortened hypocotyl and root (Bleecker et al. 1988; Guzman and Ecker 1990; Fig. 1a). Identification and characterization of the mutants with the compromised ethylene “triple r
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