Relationship of angiotensin converting enzyme (I/D) polymorphism (rs4646994) and coronary heart disease among a male Ira
- PDF / 224,037 Bytes
- 6 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 89 Downloads / 172 Views
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Relationship of angiotensin converting enzyme (I/D) polymorphism (rs4646994) and coronary heart disease among a male Iraqi population with type 2 diabetes mellitus Raghda N. Hemeed 1 & Fadhil J. Al-Tu’ma 1 & Dhafer A. F. Al-Koofee 2 & Ahmed H. Al-Mayali 3 Received: 15 May 2020 / Accepted: 7 September 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Background Insertion deletion (I/D) polymorphism (rs4646994) in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has a substantial effect on coronary heart disease (CHD). The amplification of an Alu repetitive element in an intron of the ACE has shown three potential genotypes of I/I and D/D as homozygous, and I/D as heterozygous. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the association between the ACE gene polymorphism and CHD among male Iraqi patients with and without type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods A case-control study of total 217 male subjects participated in this study, divided into three groups; Group 1 including 86 CHD patients with T2DM, group 2 including 78 CHD patients without T2DM, and group 3 including 53 age and sex-matched healthy individuals (as a control group). Genotyping of ACE (I/D) gene was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Results The II allele was significantly more frequent in CHD patients without T2DM compared to the control population, but not from those patients with T2DM (p < 0.05). Nonetheless, the ID allele was significantly more frequent in each of CHD with T2DM and control populations compared to the CHD without T2DM. The DD allele was significantly more frequent in CHD patients with T2DM compared to each of CHD patients without T2DM and control populations (p < 0.05). Conclusion We conclude that the D/D and I/D genotypes are implicated as risk factors for development of CHD with T2DM, but not CHD without T2DM among the male Iraqi population. However, larger sample sizes are needed to monitor the CHD patients and to validate this study. Keywords Ischemic heart disease . Coronary heart disease . Angiotensin converting enzyme . Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction The coronary heart disease (CHD) is associated with fat accumulation at the end of the atrium, reducing the arteries’ cavity, retarded blood flow, and consequently ischemic heart failure. Because of the high morbidity rate, the CHD has become one
* Dhafer A. F. Al-Koofee [email protected] 1
Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iraq
2
Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
3
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iraq
of the most life-threatening cardiovascular diseases with more than one-third of death cases among those with≥35 years [1–4]. It may affect individuals at all ages, though being significantly more common in the elderly with higher rate among males. Noticeably, common risk factors include smoking, familial history, hypertension, overweightness,
Data Loading...
