Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and environmental estrogens (EEs) from water using positiv
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and environmental estrogens (EEs) from water using positively charged hollow fiber nanofiltration membrane Xiuzhen Wei 1,2 & Qian Zhang 1,2 & Shiyu Cao 1,2 & Xufeng Xu 1,2 & Yi Chen 1,2 & Lu Liu 1,2 & Ruiyuan Yang 1,2 & Jinyuan Chen 1,2 & Bosheng Lv 1,2 Received: 12 March 2020 / Accepted: 4 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Nanofiltration (NF) membranes show great potential for advanced water treatment, especially for trace organic pollutant removal. The removal efficiency of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and environmental estrogenic hormones (EEHs) by positively charged hollow fiber NF membranes (PEI-NF) were evaluated. The separation properties were evaluated by changing the operating pressure, temperature, ionic strength, and cation species. A relationship between the physicochemical characteristics of the pharmaceuticals and the NF membrane retention behavior was established. The results showed that the rejection rates of the PEI-NF membrane for the selected PPCPs and EEHs ranged from 81 to ~ 91.26%. For positively (negatively) charged pharmaceutical molecules, the electrostatic repulsion (attraction) effect and steric hindrance were the dominant rejection mechanisms of the PEI-NF membrane. For neutral pharmaceutical molecules, in addition to the size sieving effect, the hydration-induced size increase of hydrophilic substances improved the rejection rates. Both the molecular structure and diffusion coefficient of pharmaceutical molecules influenced their rejection by the PEI-NF membrane to a certain extent. Moreover, the PEI-NF membrane showed a high removal effect for PPCPs and EEHs in water samples from actual tap water plants. Keywords Nanofiltration membrane . Positively charged . PPCPs . EEHs . Emerging contaminants . Water treatment
Introduction Water scarcity is essentially attributed to the non-renewability of clean water resources. The most efficient way to solve the problem of water shortage is to protect drinking water sources Responsible Editor: Angeles Blanco Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11103-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Xiuzhen Wei [email protected] * Jinyuan Chen [email protected] 1
College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
2
Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310014, China
from pollution; another possible solution is wastewater reuse (Lin 2017). However, various organic trace micropollutants especially pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and environmental estrogenic hormones (EEHs) have been frequently detected in surface water or the effluents of wastewater treatment plants (Liu and Wong 2013; Ma et al. 2016; Richardson et al. 2005). In recent decades, PPCPs and EEHs have been widely produced a
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