Fate and Removal of Pharmaceuticals in CAS for Water and Sewage Sludge Reuse
Among organic micropollutants, pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) have been extensively investigated in the last decades due to their potential adverse ecological and/or human health effects. Wastewater treatment plants are one of the first barriers
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Bibliometric Study Regarding Micropollutants and PhACs 3 Influent PhAC Characterization in Municipal WWTP 3.1 Seasonal Variability in Influent WWTP PhAC Occurrence 4 Pharmaceutical Removal in Conventional Activated Sludge Systems 4.1 Compound Characteristics and Parameters Affecting PhAC Removal in CAS 4.2 Removal Rates of Selected Representative PhACs 5 Metabolites, Conjugates and Transformation Products 6 Regulation Regarding Water Reuse and PhACs 7 PhAC Fate in Sludge Treatment Line: Focus on Agricultural Reuse 7.1 Agricultural Sludge Reuse: Advantages and Environmental Impacts 7.2 Sludge Treatment Alternatives to Enhance PhAC Removal 7.3 EU Regulation for Agricultural Reuse References
Abstract Among organic micropollutants, pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) have been extensively investigated in the last decades due to their potential adverse ecological and/or human health effects. Wastewater treatment plants are one of the first barriers in preventing them from reaching sensible ecosystems. In M. Castaño-Trias and G. Buttiglieri (*) Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] M. Brienza Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy e-mail: [email protected] M. C. Tomei Water Research Institute, C.N.R., Rome, Italy e-mail: [email protected] Sara Rodriguez-Mozaz, Paqui Blánquez Cano, and Montserrat Sarrá Adroguer (eds.), Removal and Degradation of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Wastewater Treatment, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_666, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
M. Castaño-Trias et al.
particular, conventional activated sludge (CAS) systems may be only partially effective in PhAC removal or degradation. The present work presents an overview of the fate of PhACs in CAS. Several parameters and constraints affecting PhAC removal are given and discussed including the physicochemical properties of the compounds and the operating parameters like the influent concentration, its seasonal variation, CAS hydraulic retention time and sludge retention time. A detailed data analysis is dedicated to selected representative compounds (i.e. carbamazepine, ibuprofen and sulfamethoxazole) in the water line of CAS systems, while for the sludge line, different treatment options are discussed, with special focus on the sequential anaerobic-aerobic digestion, a promising alternative to improve the removal of organic micropollutants, including PhACs, in the sludge matrix. Finally, the criteria for safe reuse of treated effluent and agricultural application of the produced sludge, related to PhACs, are discussed and analysed in the frame of EU and other regulations. Keywords HRT, Regulation, Seasonal variability, Sludge treatment, SRT, Transformation products
1 Introduction The presence of xenobiotics in the aquatic environment has raised environmental concern due to their high toxicity, at times even at low concentrations. These so-called micropollutants have be
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