Research progress of tumor microenvironment and tumor-associated macrophages
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Research progress of tumor microenvironment and tumor‑associated macrophages W. Liang1 · X. Huang2 · C. J. J. Carlos3 · X. Lu4 Received: 27 February 2020 / Accepted: 29 April 2020 © Federación de Sociedades Españolas de Oncología (FESEO) 2020
Abstract Cancer is a health issue causing utmost concern and continuing to be one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Effective tumor eradication methods that will improve the prognosis and prolong human life are an important topic in modern medicine. Increasing amounts of evidence indicate that the tumor microenvironment plays a significant role in tumor development and migration. Macrophages are important immune cells that commonly infiltrate the tumor microenvironment. Several studies found that macrophages play different roles in the process of cancer development. This article focuses on the tumor microenvironment and the generation, classification, and function of tumor-associated macrophages as well as their significance for tumor immunotherapy and other aspects, it summarizes nearly 10 years of tumor microenvironment and tumor-associated macrophage research, providing a novel insight for tumor immunotherapy. Keywords Tumor microenvironment · Tumor-associated macrophage · Immune suppression · Cancer treatment Abbreviations TAMs Tumor-associated macrophage ECM Extracellular matrix α-SMA Alpha-smooth muscle actin MMPS Matrix metalloproteinases CAFs Cancer-associated fibroblasts TEMs Tumor endothelial markers MDSCs Myeloid-derived suppressor cells
* X. Lu [email protected] 1
Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 166 Daxuedong Road, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China
2
Guangxi International Travel Healthcare Center, No. 24 Zhuxi Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
3
The Department of Immunology, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
4
College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, No. 10 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
Introduction One of the hallmark differences between cancerous and normal cells is their ability to proliferate, which along with the metastatic characteristics of migration and invasion, makes them hard to deal with. Previous studies suggested that the harm caused by malignant tumors was due to the proliferation of tumor cells and their inability to undergo apoptosis. However, as research continues to progress, it has come to be accepted that besides the intrinsic factors of tumor cells, the external environment plays a pivotal role that cannot be ignored. As early as the end of the nineteenth century, Stephen Paget came forward with the classic “seed and soil” hypothesis, which is considered as the blueprint for the tumor microenvironment concept [1]. The hypothesis set the tumor cells as the “seed”, while the organizational environment surrounding them takes it part as the “soil”. The health and growth speed of the seed will be codependent to the soil’s fertility, they don’t just
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