Research progress on long non-coding RNAs and their roles as potential biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in pancrea
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Cancer Cell International Open Access
REVIEW
Research progress on long non‑coding RNAs and their roles as potential biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in pancreatic cancer Yizhi Wang1, Li Zhou1, Jun Lu1, Bolun Jiang1, Chengxi Liu1, Junchao Guo1* and Gary Guishan Xiao2,3*
Abstract Pancreatic cancer is one of the main causes of tumor-related deaths worldwide because of its low morbidity but extremely high mortality, and is therefore colloquially known as the “king of cancer.” Sudden onset and lack of early diagnostic biomarkers directly contribute to the extremely high mortality rate of pancreatic cancer patients, and also make it indistinguishable from benign pancreatic diseases and precancerous pancreatic lesions. Additionally, the lack of effective prognostic biomarkers makes it difficult for clinicians to formulate precise follow-up strategies based on the postoperative characteristics of the patients, which results in missed early diagnosis of recurrent pancreatic cancer. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can influence cell proliferation, invasion/migration, apoptosis, and even chemoresistance via regulation of various signaling pathways, leading to pro- or anti-cancer outcomes. Given the versatile effects of lncRNAs on tumor progression, using a single lncRNA or combination of several lncRNAs may be an effective method for tumor diagnosis and prognostic predictions. This review will give a comprehensive overview of the most recent research related to lncRNAs in pancreatic cancer progression, as targeted therapies, and as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of pancreatic cancer. Keywords: Pancreatic cancer, LncRNAs, Targeted therapy, Diagnosis, Prognosis Background Pancreatic cancer tumors have some of the highest mortality rates worldwide, and the morbidity of this disease has not significantly declined [1]. The current 5-year overall survival (OS) rate of pancreatic cancer patients is estimated to be approximately 7%–9%. This OS rate even drops to a dismal 3% when distant metastases occur [2]. Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancerrelated deaths with 47,050 dying from this disease in the United States, and is expected to take second place in 2030, just behind lung cancer [3]. In China, pancreatic *Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China 2 Pharmacy in Chemical Engineering School, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
cancer is the sixth leading cancer-related cause of death, and younger individuals have become increasingly threatened [4]. Difficult early diagnosis and lack of accurate prognostic biomarkers make it challenging to intervene in the early stages of initial diagnosis or of postoperative recurrent pancreatic cancer. This may cause unintended overdiagnosis and over-treatment to some extent, which is a major reason
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