Role of Export Taxes in Developing Countries
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Role of ExportTaxes in Developing Countries Richard Goode, George E. Lent, and P.D. Ojha * OBJECT of thispaper is to studythe place of exporttaxes in THE the revenuesystemsof developingcountriesand to examine their impacton exportsand internalstability.Attentionis givennot onlyto formaltaxes or dutiesbut also to surplusesof state marketingboards. These surplusesare economicallysimilarto exporttaxes and, in some revenue. countries,have been an importantsourceof government Two othermeasuresresemblingexporttaxes are not coveredin this that call paper because theyare thoughtto have special characteristics forseparatetreatment. One of thesecomprisesspecial taxes on production or income affecting mineralindustrieswhich produce mainly or conarrangements exclusivelyfor export,and royaltyor profit-sharing other The industries. measure is these cernedwith multipleexchange rates. While an unfavorableexchangerate (that is, a rate less depreciated thanthe ratesforothertransactions)is, for an exporter,equivalentto a tax,it is notcommonlya sourceof government generalrevenue. The exchange spread is often, in effect,redistributedthroughthe exchange system to subsidize imports and certain other external transactions, includinggovernment payments. Export duties may be specificor ad valorem,or a combinationof both: sometimesa slidingscale, whichvariesrateswithexportprices,is used. The taxes are levied mostlyon agriculturaland mineralproducts in theprimaryproducingcountries.They are largelyconfinedto developing countries;few export taxes are now imposed by industrialized countries. * Mr. Goode, Directorof the Fiscal AffairsDepartment, was formerly a staff memberof the BrookingsInstitution, economistat the U.S. Treasury Washington; Departmentand the U.S. Bureau of the Budget;and assistantprofessorof ecoof Chicago. nomicsat theUniversity Mr. Lent,Chiefof theTax PolicyDivision,formerly servedas assistantdirector of the tax analysisstaff,U.S. TreasuryDepartment;consultant, Organizationof AmericanStates;and researchassociate,NationalBureau of EconomicResearch, of NorthCarolinaand DartmouthCollege. New York. He taughtat theUniversity Mr. Ojha, economistin the Fiscal AffairsDepartment,was formerly Deputy Directorof Researchin theReserveBan
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