Role of mechanical milling on the synthesis and ionic transport properties of fast fluoride ion conducting materials
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REVIEW PAPER
Role of mechanical milling on the synthesis and ionic transport properties of fast fluoride ion conducting materials L.N. Patro 1 Received: 22 April 2020 / Revised: 7 July 2020 / Accepted: 15 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This review article presents the use of mechanical milling technique for the synthesis of a variety of fast fluoride ion conducting materials for different electrochemical device applications. The influence of various milling parameters such as milling time, type of the milling pot, and rotation speed on the structural and transport parameters of different fluoride-based materials is reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of the milling technique in comparison to the other methods are outlined. The ionic conductivity values of different fast fluoride ion conducting materials prepared by various synthesis routes are compared. At the end, it is observed that mechanical milling is an easy and promising method for the synthesis of different fast fluoride ion conducting materials in comparison to the same by other methods and furthermore, their ionic transport results indicate an enhancement in conductivity values by two to four orders in the mechanochemically synthesized materials. Keywords Solid electrolytes . Fluorides . Mechanical milling . Ionic conductivity
Introduction Fast ion conducting materials exhibit high value of ionic conductivity (10−5–10−1 S/cm) with negligible electronic conductivity at ambient temperature compared to the normal ion conducting materials like alkali halides (10−7–10−12 S/cm). These materials are classified according to the type of the mobile ion responsible for conduction, namely, cation conductors (Li+, Na+, K+, Cu+, Ag+, H+) and anion conductors (F−, O2−) [1]. Several studies are known on Li-ion conducting materials for its use in Li-ion batteries that showed major applications from portable electronic devices to the electric vehicles [2–3]. The rapid draining of Li source from the globe due to its massive usage and furthermore its uneven global distribution makes a serious challenge for the research community to look for an alternative that can compete with Li-ion batteries in terms of its energy density, specific capacity, and electrochemical performance [4–5]. In this regard, investigations are known on the developments of different kind of batteries with cationic charge carrier like Na+ [6–8], K+ [9], * L.N. Patro [email protected] 1
Department of Physics, SRM University AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522502, India
Mg+ [10–11], and Al3+ [12] or anionic charge carrier like F− [13–15]. In the literature, special attentions are given to the Na-ion batteries as a good alternative due to the large availability, low cost of Na-based materials, and its thermal stability during charging and discharging cycles, yet these batteries suffer various limitations [16]. Apart from Li- and Na-ion batteries, fluoride ion batteries (FIBs) have received great attention recently as their theoretical vol
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