Role of probiotics to combat viral infections with emphasis on COVID-19
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MINI-REVIEW
Role of probiotics to combat viral infections with emphasis on COVID-19 Aravind Sundararaman 1 & Mousumi Ray 1 & P. V. Ravindra 2 & Prakash M. Halami 1 Received: 29 May 2020 / Revised: 31 July 2020 / Accepted: 11 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Interspecies transmissions of viruses between animals and humans may result in unpredictable pathogenic potential and new transmissible diseases. This mechanism has recently been exemplified by the discovery of new pathogenic viruses, such as the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, Middle-East respiratory syndromecoronavirus epidemic in Saudi Arabia, and the deadly outbreak of Ebola in West Africa. The. SARS-CoV-2 causes coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), which is having a massive global impact in terms of economic disruption, and, above all, human health. The disease is characterized by dry cough, fever, fatigue, myalgia, and dyspnea. Other symptoms include headache, sore throat, rhinorrhea, and gastrointestinal disorders. Pneumonia appears to be the most common and severe manifestation of the infection. Currently, there is no vaccine or specific drug for COVID-19. Further, the development of new antiviral requires a considerable length of time and effort for drug design and validation. Therefore, repurposing the use of natural compounds can provide alternatives and can support therapy against COVID-19. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the prophylactic and supportive therapeutic role of probiotics for the management of COVID-19. In addition, the unique role of probiotics to modulate the gut microbe and assert gut homeostasis and production of interferon as an antiviral mechanism is described. Further, the regulatory role of probiotics on gut-lung axis and mucosal immune system for the potential antiviral mechanisms is reviewed and discussed. Key points • Gut microbiota role in antiviral diseases • Factors influencing the antiviral mechanism • Probiotics and Covid-19 Keywords Probiotics . SARS-CoV-2 . COVID-19 . Gut-lung axis . Zoonosis
Introduction Over the past 4 months, the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID19) has had a massive global impact in terms of economic disruption, the strain on local and global public health resources, and, above all, human health. At the time of writing this review, there were 21,600,000 positive cases and
* Prakash M. Halami [email protected] 1
Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570020, India
2
Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570020, India
7,74,000 deaths worldwide. In India, there were 2,600,000 positive cases and 50,921 reported deaths. COVID-19 is caused by highly pathogenic, novel zoonotic severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that belongs to the family of SARS-CoVs, which also includes Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERSCoV) and SARS-CoV-1. The
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