Saudi Arabia and Iran Friends or Foes?

In a riveting narrative based on accounts of her interactions with Saudi and Iranian politicians and rich archival material, a leading scholar on the Middle East unravels the mysteries of a contentious relationship. This seasoned observer of political and

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Saudi Arabia and Iran Friends or Foes? Banafsheh Keynoush

SAUDI ARABIA AND IRAN

Copyright © Banafsheh Keynoush 2016 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978-1-137-57627-9 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission. In accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 2016 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN The author has asserted their right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of Nature America, Inc., One New York Plaza, Suite 4500, New York, NY 10004-1562. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. ISBN 978-1-349-99536-3 ISBN 978-1-137-58939-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-58939-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Keynoush, Banafsheh, author. Title: Saudi Arabia and Iran : friends or foes? / Banafsheh Keynoush. Description: New York, NY : Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015028785 | Subjects: LCSH: Saudi Arabia—Foreign relations—Iran. | Iran—Foreign relations—Saudi Arabia. | Middle East—Politics and government— 1979– | BISAC: POLITICAL SCIENCE / International Relations / Diplomacy. | POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Freedom & Security / International Security. | POLITICAL SCIENCE / Peace. | SOCIAL SCIENCE / Regional Studies. Classification: LCC DS228.I7 K47 2016 | DDC 327.538055—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015028785 A catalogue record for the book is available from the British Library.

In loving memory of: My grandmother, Effat, who raised me on her lap My grandfather, Ebrahim Keynoush, a charitable man and To my father, for teaching me that the best political analyst is the most impartial one

Contents

Acknowledgments

ix

Introduction

1

Part I

A Historical Overview of Saudi–Iranian Relations

Chapter 1 Overview of Saudi–Iranian Relations Chapter 2 How Religion Shaped the Saudi–Iranian Relations

Part II

9 21

Early, Middle, and Post Mid-Twentieth Century Saudi–Iranian Relations

Chapter 3 Saudi Arabia and Iran in Early Twentieth Century

39

Chapter 4 Early Diplomatic Relations

53

Chapter 5 Diplomatic Relations: 1955–1963

67

Chapter 6 Epoch of Saudi–Iranian Cooperation and Rivalry

85

Part III

Saudi–Iranian Relation