Scrutinizing the anthropogenic metals in the Brunei Bay sediment cores off the Malaysian waters
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Scrutinizing the anthropogenic metals in the Brunei Bay sediment cores off the Malaysian waters B. Joseph1 · G. Adiana2,3 · M. C. Ong2,3 · N. A. M. Shazili1 · H. Shaari2,4 Received: 15 June 2019 / Accepted: 12 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Brunei Bay, Borneo is a unique water ecosystem which has been conserved a wide range of wildlife. Hitherto, the rapidly increase of human activities has been denoted surround and within the bay ecosystem. Four sediment cores has been collected within Brunei Bay with the purpose of assessing metal’s pollution level and geochemical characteristics of the cores. Metals total concentration, sediment physico-chemical characteristic, and sediment sequential extraction analysis were determined in each layer of the sediment cores. Generally, all metals showed different pattern of enrichment or depletion in each core. Sediment core of station LB recorded the highest average of metals compared to other sediment cores. Brunei Bay sediment cores are dominant by silt with low total organic carbon (TOC) content. However, both parameters are not affecting the concentration of metals in the bay sediment. Largely, all metals in all sediment cores are classiffied as uncontaminated-tomoderately contaminated except for lead (Pb). During the period of 1980’s, Pb was moderately-to-strongly contaminated at station LB. It is most probably caused by the high usage of local boat and Labuan Port activities. The risk assessment code analysis has exhibited that only copper (Cu) has low risk on the benthic health in Brunei Bay sediment especially for station B5 and B7. In overall, Brunei Bay sediment shows no significant pollution caused by the metals; however, metal enrichment behavior in the sediment will increased the pollution risk on the bay ecosystem in the future. Keywords Anthropogenic metals · Sediment cores · Sediment sequential analysis · Risk assessment code · Brunei bay
Introduction Metals are usually introduced into the aquatic system via atmospheric such as dry deposition or precipitation; dissolution by pore and groundwater as well as being flushed out via surface run-off or stormwater. Absequently, flushed out metals into the aquatic system will form as dissolved particles * G. Adiana [email protected] 1
Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
2
Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
3
Ocean Pollution and Ecotoxicology (OPEC) Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
4
Centre of Research Field Service, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
or bound onto the suspended solid; then settle down into the surface sediment (Deepulal et al. 2012). Aquatic sediment is a reservoir for extensive environmental pollution; however, it also retains the natural and anthropogenic record
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