Seasonal variation of rhizospheric soil properties under different land use systems at lower Shivalik foothills of Punja
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Seasonal variation of rhizospheric soil properties under different land use systems at lower Shivalik foothills of Punjab, India Neha
. B. S. Bhople . Sandeep Sharma
Received: 8 February 2020 / Accepted: 11 June 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The rhizosphere is the unique hotspot that is highly influenced by plant roots and characterized by higher microbial activity and nutrient availability. Land uses modify the rhizospheric soil properties through the stimulatory effects of various root exudates and soil nutrients. The present work was aimed to study rhizosphere soil properties under different land use systems at Ballowal Saunkhri watershed in Punjab state, India. For this study, soil samples were collected from three land use systems (horticulture, farm forest and cropland) at four depths, viz. 0–15, 15–30, 30–60 and 60–90 cm during pre-rainy and post-rainy seasons. The results indicated that farm forestry system had significantly higher soil organic carbon (SOC), cation exchange capacity, micronutrient cations (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn) and microbial properties (total microbial count, microbial biomass carbon, basal soil respiration, dehydrogenase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity and microbial quotient) compared with other land use systems. However, bulk density, available phosphorus, available potassium and metabolic quotient were observed higher under cropland system. The principle component analysis Neha (&) S. Sharma Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana, Punjab 141 004, India e-mail: [email protected] B. S. Bhople PAU Regional Research Station, Ballowal Saunkhri, Punjab 144 521, India
identified that SOC and available potassium were the most contributing and reliable variables for assessing soil quality for different land use systems. Keywords Rhizosphere Land use systems Submontane region Shivalik foothills Soil properties
Introduction Plant roots, soil and microbial interactions alter the soil physico-chemical properties, which in turn affect the microbiological properties in the rhizosphere region (Nihorimbere et al. 2011). The term ‘‘rhizosphere’’ was first given by Hiltner (1904)—as an area that is under the influence of plant roots. Plants can directly modify the rhizosphere microenvironment through the secretions of various molecules like polysaccharides, carbohydrates, sugars, vitamins, etc., through their roots leading to stimulate microbial activities in that region (Prescott et al. 1999). Therefore, rhizosphere is the hotspot of intense microbial activity that is highly influenced by the plant root secretions. The diversity of rhizosphere microbial activity depends upon the quality and quantity of compounds being released through plant roots (Marschner and Baumann 2003). Land use change has a direct impact on soil nutrient supply and distribution and stimulates the biological
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changes in the rooting zone. Grayston et al. (1998) studied the selective influence of
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