Seismic Damage and Possible Influencing Factors of the Damages in the Melamchi Tunnel in Nepal Due to Gorkha Earthquake
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Seismic Damage and Possible Influencing Factors of the Damages in the Melamchi Tunnel in Nepal Due to Gorkha Earthquake 2015 Rajyaswori Shrestha
. Xinping Li . Luo Yi . Abhay Kumar Mandal
Received: 27 November 2019 / Accepted: 13 May 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Nepal is a sensitive earthquake zone. On April 25, 2015, there was an Earthquake of 7.8 Mw. After that, more than 30 aftershocks of above 5 Mw occurred. One of the aftershocks was of 7.3 Mw which occurred on May 12. In this paper, the damages in the tunnel of the Melamchi water supply project due to this earthquake were assessed. Cracks were observed on the inside surface, wall, and crown of the tunnel. Distribution and characteristics of these seismic damages were investigated and summarised to assess potential influencing factors. The damages are categorized into the following patterns: lining cracks and spalling. Lining cracks are further divided into longitudinal cracks, transverse cracks, ring cracks, and inclined cracks. Influencing factors are discussed with
R. Shrestha (&) A. K. Mandal School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China e-mail: [email protected]
respect to Earthquake parameters mainly being magnitude, depth and distance to epicenter. This paper presents the pattern of seismic damages occurred for different overburden depths and different rock types. Here, the analysis is done by observation and categorization of damages for different aspects of considered factors and there are some unusual results in damages for varying overburden depths. There were few unusual results as in the damage distribution for overburden depth and also for different rock types. The reason may be the occurrence of many considerable aftershocks and epicenter being very near, so the damages may have been accumulated after each shock. Also the distribution of rock types have influenced the damages. So one influencing factors may have its effects on the results while considering the other factor. Keywords Gorkha earthquake 2015 Damages in the tunnel Damage assessment Damage influencing factors
A. K. Mandal e-mail: [email protected] X. Li Hubei Key Laboratory of Roadway Bridge and Structural Engineering, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China e-mail: [email protected] L. Yi Hubei Key Laboratory of Roadway Bridge and Structural Engineering, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China e-mail: [email protected]
1 Introduction Gorkha earthquake 2015 was one of the most devastating earthquakes. During this earthquake, many above-ground structures were damaged and also there were quite a few damages in underground structures.
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Geotech Geol Eng
The water conveyance tunnel of ‘‘Melamchi water supply project’’ was one of them. The damages provide sufficient evidence to suggest that the safety of tunnel in seismically active areas is still an important issue, but not well understood yet, or at least not well considered during design.
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