Selective regulation in ribosome biogenesis and protein production for efficient viral translation
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MINI-REVIEW
Selective regulation in ribosome biogenesis and protein production for efficient viral translation Hui‑Jun Dong1 · Rui Zhang1 · Yu Kuang1 · Xiao‑Jia Wang1 Received: 7 July 2020 / Revised: 18 September 2020 / Accepted: 13 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract As intracellular parasites, viruses depend heavily on host cell structures and their functions to complete their life cycle and produce new viral particles. Viruses utilize or modulate cellular translational machinery to achieve efficient replication; the role of ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis in viral replication particularly highlights the importance of the ribosome quantity and/or quality in controlling viral protein synthesis. Recently reported studies have demonstrated that ribosome biogenesis factors (RBFs) and ribosomal proteins (RPs) act as multifaceted regulators in selective translation of viral transcripts. Here we summarize the recent literature on RBFs and RPs and their association with subcellular redistribution, post-translational modification, enzyme catalysis, and direct interaction with viral proteins. The advances described in this literature establish a rationale for targeting ribosome production and function in the design of the next generation of antiviral agents. Keywords Selective translation · Ribosome biogenesis factor · Ribosomal protein · Antiviral target
Introduction Initiation, as the first stage of translation, can be carried out by either cap-dependent or cap-independent mechanism in eukaryotic cells (Kapp and Lorsch 2004). The majority of the eukaryotic genome is translated via cap-dependent translation initiation, mainly through the 43S preinitiation complex (PIC) binding to the mRNA 5′-end cap structure and scanning along the mRNA to the AUG initiation codon to initiate translation (Haimov et al. 2015). In contrast to the cap-dependent mechanism, the cap-independent mechanism is translated by 43S PIC (or a single 40S unit in some specific mRNA templates) directly binding to the internal ribosome entry site (IRESs) in the genome intergenic region Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. * Rui Zhang [email protected] * Yu Kuang [email protected] * Xiao‑Jia Wang [email protected] 1
Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
(Kapp and Lorsch 2004). The number and types of translation initiation factors required for IRES-mediated translation initiation can vary significantly among specific mRNA species. For example, eIF4E is not required for IRES-mediated picornavirus genome translation (Avanzino et al. 2017), and IRES elements present in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome require fewer translation initiation factors to initiate translation (Torrecilla et al. 2016; Kerr et al. 2016). Ribosomes are apparatuses that catalyze protein synthesis. The eukaryotic 80S ribosome is composed of two subunits: the 40S subunit contains the decoding center, which
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