Shade and sapling size influence restoration of Araucaria angustifolia
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Shade and sapling size influence restoration of Araucaria angustifolia Simone Aparecida Zolet Sasso1 · José Abramo Marchese1 · Amanda Pacheco Cardoso Moura1 · Bruna Valéria Gil1 · Anelise Tessari Perboni2 · Joel Donazzolo2 · Fabrícia Lorrane Rodrigues Oliveira3 · Bruno Francisco Sant’Anna‑Santos3 · Angela Rohr1 · Moeses Andrigo Danner1
Received: 23 April 2020 / Accepted: 25 July 2020 © Northeast Forestry University 2020
Abstract Toward improving reforestation of Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia), two contrasting sapling sizes in either full sun or in the shade of a mixed plantation and the effect of opening the canopy were evaluated for survival, growth, gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments, and leaf anatomy 18 months after being planted. At 23 months after planting, a partial opening was made in the canopy in the mixed plantation, then the saplings were evaluated again after 2 months for the same morphophysiological traits. After 18 months, saplings planted in the full sun had higher survival, growth, pigments, and photosynthesis compared to the shaded saplings. Large saplings had higher survival and growth compared to the small ones. Shaded leaves were thinner and little differentiation of palisade parenchyma and hypodermis. After opening of the canopy, photosynthetically active radiation was 10 times higher, and the saplings quickly grew in height due to increased photosynthesis.
Project funding: This project was partially financed by Brazilian agencies CAPES, FUNDAÇÃO ARAUCÁRIA and CNPq. The online version is available at http://www.springerlink.com. Corresponding editor: Yanbo Hu. * Moeses Andrigo Danner [email protected] 1
Agronomy Department, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Pato Branco, Via do Conhecimento, km 01, Pato Branco, Paraná 85503‑390, Brazil
2
UTFPR, Campus Dois Vizinhos, Estrada para Boa Esperança, km 04, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná 85660‑000, Brazil
3
Biological Sciences Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Curitiba, Paraná 81531‑980, Brazil
Thus, although the species can tolerate shade, growth in the shade is limited. We recommend that for reforestation purposes of Brazilian pine, large saplings should be selected and planted in the open for better development. Keywords Brazilian pine · Luminosity · Gas exchanges · Photosynthetic pigments · Leaf anatomy
Introduction The Brazilian pine [Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze] dominates the Araucaria forest canopy in southern Brazil (Eisenlohr and Oliveira-Filho 2014). However, because of intense deforestation for wood gathering, urban expansion, and agriculture, especially between 1930 and 1970, the Araucaria forests were reduced to less than 3% of the original area (Guerra et al. 2002) and A. angustifolia reached endangered species status (Thomas 2013). The high fragmentation and low regeneration of the species in natural forests indicate that, for its effective conservation, reforestation must be stimulated by e
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