Shame and Guilt and its Relation to Direct and Indirect Experience of Trauma in Adolescence, a Brief Report
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Shame and Guilt and its Relation to Direct and Indirect Experience of Trauma in Adolescence, a Brief Report Johan Wetterlöv 1
& Gerhard Andersson
1,2
1
1
1
& Marie Proczkowska & Elin Cederquist & Melissa Rahimi & Doris Nilsson
1
Accepted: 12 November 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Exposure to different kinds of traumatic events is common among adolescents. This brief report study examined whether shame proneness and guilt proneness were associated with direct and indirect experience of potentially traumatic events (PTEs). We investigated the relationship between gender, PTEs, shame, and guilt among adolescents (n = 314, age = 15–20 years). We hypothesized that shame proneness and guilt proneness would be associated with direct experience of interpersonal and sexual PTEs, that both direct and indirect experience of potentially traumatic sexual event/s would correlate with female gender, and that potentially traumatic direct and indirect interpersonal event/s would correlate with male gender. Shame was positively associated with having experienced direct sexual trauma and with female gender. Girls had more often experienced potentially traumatic direct sexual events and boys had more often experienced potentially traumatic direct interpersonal events. Indirect experiences of traumatic events were not related to either gender or shame. We conclude that the relation between shame, PTEs, and gender is complex with both types of traumas and gender interact with shame. This study found that shame and direct experience of sexual traumatic events were associated among adolescent girls. Gender and what type of traumatic events adolescents’ direct experience is most likely related but not gender and what type of indirect experienced trauma. Keywords Trauma . Shame . Guilt . Adolescent . Gender difference
Epidemiological research shows that adolescence is the developmental period of highest risk of exposure to different kinds of potentially traumatic events (PTEs) (Finkelhor et al. 2009). * Johan Wetterlöv [email protected] Gerhard Andersson [email protected] Marie Proczkowska [email protected] Elin Cederquist [email protected] Melissa Rahimi [email protected] Doris Nilsson [email protected] 1
Department of Behavioral Science and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
2
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Exposure to PTEs has been associated with increased risk for psychopathology, for example trauma-related stress, depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms (Overstreet et al. 2017). In studies using large national adolescent samples in Western countries, it has been shown that exposure to different kinds of PTEs is common, with prevalence rates for having experienced PTEs ranging from 61.8% to 84.1% (Aho et al. 2016; Finkelhor et al. 2009; McLaughlin et al. 2013). Gender differences in prevalence of different kinds of PTEs have been reported, with exposure
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