Shift work, and burnout and distress among 7798 blue-collar workers
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Shift work, and burnout and distress among 7798 blue‑collar workers Gerben Hulsegge1,2 · Willem van Mechelen1 · Karin I. Proper3 · Heleen Paagman4 · Johannes R. Anema1 Received: 11 June 2019 / Accepted: 16 March 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate the association between shift work, and burnout and distress, and differences by degree of satisfaction with shift schedule and its impact on private life. Methods Population 4275 non-shift factory workers and 3523 rotating 5-shift workers. Workers participated between 2009 and 2016 one to three times in the companies’ periodical occupational health checks. Burnout was measured using the distance, exhaustion and competence subscales of the Dutch Maslach Burnout Inventory and distress by the subscale of the Four-Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire (scale: 0–100). Multiple-adjusted linear mixed models were used to assess between- and within-subject associations between shift work and outcomes, and differences by age, years of shift work, and satisfaction with and impact of shift schedule. Results Shift work was significantly associated with lower scores on burnout distance (B − 1.0, 95% − 1.8 to 0.3), and among those aged 2).
Covariates Age (continuous), gender (men vs. women), education (low vs. intermediate vs. high), marital status (married/living together vs. single), children living at home (yes vs. no/ not applicable), and working hours/week were measured by single questions. Workplace social support was measured by six items (Cronbach’s α 0.87), with a 5-point Likert scale about support from supervisor and colleagues. These items are part of the validated questionnaire on psychosocial work demands (Veldhoven van and Meijman 1994). Work
pressure was measured with 5 items (Cronbach’s α 0.87) of the questionnaire of Veldhoven and Meijman (1994) on 5-point Likert scales (Veldhoven van and Meijman 1994). The items on workplace social support and work pressure were summarized into two continuous scores for the analyses.
Data analysis Linear mixed models were used to examine the association between shift work (non-shift worker vs. 5-shift workers), and. burnout and distress. As all outcome measures at the different time-points were analyzed together, the overall results represent the combination of within-subject (effect of the longitudinal change from shift worker to nonshift worker, and vice versa) and between-subject (crosssectional comparison between shift workers and non-shift workers) associations. We also used mixed models to examine the dose-exposure association between the number of years of shift work, and burnout and distress, by comparing shift workers who had worked for
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