Simulation of hyperdimensional waveguide models demonstrates new approach in metamaterial design
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Simulation of hyperdimensional waveguide models demonstrates new approach in metamaterial design
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lectromagnetic metamaterials are fabricated structures that affect electromagnetic waves; their structural features are smaller than the wavelength of light, and they can therefore be described by an effective refractive index. Applications include optical cloaking and perfect lenses that do not suffer from the diffraction limit. Optical device mod-
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in the Theory of General Relativity. Although metamaterials development generally involves the continuous control of the local dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability, A.I. Smolyaninov and I.I. Smolyaninov of the University of Maryland recently demonstrated the power of a lattice-based approach, where networks of metamaterial waveguides control electromagnetic signal propagation within a given three-dimensional volume. In the July 1 issue of Optics Letters (DOI: 10.1364/OL.36.002420; p. 2420), Smolyaninov and Smolyaninov presented metamaterials lattice models of four-
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(a) A perspective projection of an elementary four-dimensional hypercube with the vertices labeled with their (x,y,z,w) coordinates. (b) A perspective projection of a 2×2×2×2 region of the hypercubic lattice, where three 2×2×2 elements of the cubic lattice (shown in blue, red, and green) are shifted along the projected “fourth orthogonal direction” (shown in black). Reproduced with permission from Opt. Lett. 36(13)(2011), DOI: 10.1364/ OL.36.002420; p. 2420. © 2011 Optical Society of America.
eling is facilitated with the employment of “optical spaces,” that is, coordinate systems associated with a refractive index. In transformation optics (TO)—a recent development in optical device design—equations describe how light can be directed in a manner analogous to gravity distorting space, as described
Bio Focus Freeze-dried nanoparticles treat brain cancer
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esearchers J.J. Green, S.Y. Tzeng, H. Guerrero-Cázares, and their colleagues at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine have developed a technique that delivers gene therapy into
dimensional hypercubes, that is, optical hyperspace, that cannot be simulated using conventional TO. The researchers used as an example the simplest model of a four-dimensional lattice projected onto three dimensions (see figure). Eight cubic faces act as boundaries of the neighboring hypercubic cells (analo-
human brain cancer cells using polymerDNA nanoparticles that can be freezedried and stored for up to three months prior to use. The shelf-stable nanoparticles may obviate the need for virus-mediated gene therapy, which is associated with a number of safety concerns. The report appears in the August issue of Bio-
gous to square faces in three-dimensional cubes). All edge lines represent thin, single-mode, coaxial waveguides with the same impedance and optical length, attached at the vertices with beam splitters. The elementary
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