So Far, so Similar? Labour Market Feminization in Italy and Chile
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So Far, so Similar? Labour Market Feminization in Italy and Chile Renata Semenza1 · Giorgio Boccardo2 · Simone Sarti1 Accepted: 1 November 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The article aims to analyse gender segregation in the labour market while comparing two national contexts in Europe and Latin America. Specifically, it will consider the growth trends of female employment in the last 25 years (1992–2017), its distribution between activity sectors and occupations, and the gender pay gap. Feminization models and gender inequalities are framed within labour market segmentation theories, which are in partial contrast to human capital theories and neoclassical economics. The initial hypothesis is that the gender distribution of occupations measured by a segregation index is similar in Italy and Chile, despite significant differences in the socio-economic and institutional contexts. Through this intercontinental comparison, the article intends to shed light on women’s labour market conditions and segregation patterns, which are multidimensional and generalizable (transcontinental) phenomena, connected to the unequal division of labour in the new post-industrial order. Keywords Labour market segmentation · Gender segregation · Italy · Chile · Comparative studies · Dissimilarity index
1 Introduction The article, elaborated within the INCASI1 project, aims to analyse gender segregation in the labour market by comparing two national contexts in Europe and Latin America. Let us immediately clarify the justification principles for the comparison between the two countries. Although the two national contexts are very different in geographical, historical, political and cultural factors, the choice to compare Italy and Chile derives essentially 1 International Network for Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities (INCASI), Horizon 2020—Rise programme (Marie Sklodowska-Curie GA No. 691004), coordinated by Pedro López-Roldán. This article reflects the author’s view only and the agency is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.
* Simone Sarti [email protected] 1
Department of Social and Political Sciences, University of Milan, Dip. Di Scienze Sociali e Politiche, Via Conservatorio, 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
2
Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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from two factors. First, Chile’s GDP growth was spectacular in the 2000s, leading it to resemble advanced economies, particularly those of Southern Europe, which, on the other hand, experienced stagnation in GDP and a greater impact than the global financial crisis of 2008. Second, Chile has embarked on an incomparable neo-liberal path (Ruiz 2019) with any other Latin American country (e.g. Argentina or Brazil). This suggests that the phenomena of the labour market are typical of a market-oriented economy, such as those of more developed economies, unlike state-led economies such as Argentina. This does not mean, theoretically, to adopt t
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