Soil Amendment with Biochar, Hydrochar and Compost Mitigates the Accumulation of Emerging Pollutants in Rocket Salad Pla
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Soil Amendment with Biochar, Hydrochar and Compost Mitigates the Accumulation of Emerging Pollutants in Rocket Salad Plants Marco Parlavecchia Elisabetta Loffredo
&
Claudia Carnimeo &
Received: 17 August 2020 / Accepted: 26 October 2020 / Published online: 11 November 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The uptake of organic pollutants by agricultural plants and their accumulation in edible parts cause serious health problems to animals and humans. In this study, we used carbon-rich materials, such as biochar (BC), hydrochar (HC), and green compost (GC), to reduce the absorption and accumulation of three pesticides, imidacloprid (IMI), boscalid (BOS), and metribuzin (MET) and two endocrine disruptors, 4tert-octylphenol (OP) and bisphenol A (BPA), in rocket salad plants (Eruca vesicaria L.). After an experimental period of 35 days, compared to unamended soil, the addition of BC, HC, and GC significantly reduced chemical phytotoxicity, increasing the elongation of the aerial plant parts by 26, 25, and 39%, respectively, whereas GC increased the fresh biomass by 21%. The assessment of residual chemicals in both soil and plant tissues indicated that any amendment was very effective in enhancing the retention of all compounds in soil, thus reducing their uptake by plants. Averagely for the five compounds, the reduction of plant absorption followed the trend BC > HC > GC. In particular, the presence of BC decreased the chemical residues in the plants from a minimum of 71% (IMI) to a maximum of 91% (OP). The overall results obtained encourage the incorporation in soil of C-rich materials, especially BC, to protect leafy food plants from the absorption and toxicity of M. Parlavecchia (*) : C. Carnimeo : E. Loffredo Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy e-mail: [email protected]
organic pollutants of a wide range of hydrophobicity, with relevant benefits for consumers. Keywords Contaminant residue . Pesticide . Endocrine disruptor . Plant uptake . Soil amendment
1 Introduction In the last decades, plant protection products (PPPs) have been one of the major groups of emerging organic pollutants released in the environment causing serious risks to human and animal health (Pavlis et al. 2010). In several cases, PPPs have been excessively adopted in agriculture to control crop diseases and increase food production. Approximately, 400,000 tons of PPPs/year are sold in the European Union (European Commission 2018) and about 3 million tons of pesticides are used annually worldwide (Silva et al. 2019). The widespread use of these chemicals determines the presence of unsafe residues in the agro-ecosystems and the consequent entrance in the food chain (Regueiro et al. 2015). From the soil, PPPs, in particular those with low hydrophobicity, can move and leach in surface and underground water bodies (Pavlis et al. 2010). Imidacloprid (IMI) is one of the most widely used neonicotinoid insecticides in the world and i
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