Soil-Root Dynamics in Maize-Beans-Eggplant Intercropping System under Organic Management in a Subtropical Region
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Soil-Root Dynamics in Maize-Beans-Eggplant Intercropping System under Organic Management in a Subtropical Region Cristhian Hernandez Gamboa 1 & Fabiane Machado Vezzani 1 Jeidi Yasmin Galeano Cobos 2 & Guilherme Alex da Costa 1
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Glaciela Kaschuk 1
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Nerilde Favaretto 1
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Received: 18 July 2019 / Accepted: 10 March 2020 # Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo 2020
Abstract Intercropping is an agricultural system that facilitates mutualistic and commensalist interactions among crops. The objective of this research was to test the hypothesis that intercropping with greater plant richness produces more roots that improves microbial activity, which in turn, contributes to soil physical structure that improves soil chemistry parameters, crop yield, and land use. We performed a field experiment in a randomized block design, utilizing beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), maize (Zea mays), and eggplant (Solanum melongena), under monoculture or intercropping systems. Root and soil biological, physical and chemical parameters, crop yield and land equivalent ratios were analyzed. Increased plant richness as a function of the intercropping system did not affect root and soil parameters. However, principal component analysis indicated that intercropping affected root density, mass, and length, which, in turn, contributed to the formation of soil aggregates, increased microbial activity and to the improvement of soil chemical parameters. Furthermore, as consequence of increased plant richness, the maize-beans-eggplant intercropping facilitated the positive interactions among the species and led to a Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) 60% higher than the monoculture systems. The production of roots in the crop systems, regardless of species richness, stimulates soil biological activity and affects the quality of physical structure and fertility indicators of the soil. Crop systems with higher richness of plant species promote positive interactions between plants and soil and results in a better land use ratio. Keywords Crop consortium . Roots . Soil aggregation . Soil organic carbon . Land equivalent ratio
1 Introduction An intercropping system consists of simultaneous cultivation of two or more crops in the same area for at least a part of the crop cycle. Intercropping is a traditional agricultural system developed by farming communities for food production that promotes mutualistic and commensalist interactions among different species and results in productive advantages that do not occur in monoculture systems. The crops arrangements should consider the management of interactions among species and seek to maximize growth, productivity and land use
* Cristhian Hernandez Gamboa [email protected] 1
Department of Soils and Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil 1540 Juvevê, Curitiba, Paraná 80035-050, Brazil
2
Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil 1540 Juvevê, Curitiba, Paraná 81531-990, Brazil
efficiency in order to become sustainable (Gaba et al. 2015; Du
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