Solar-Type Activity in Main-Sequence Stars
Solar-type activity over the whole range of the electromagnetic spectrum is a phenomenon inherent in the majority of low- and moderate-mass main sequence stars. In this monograph observational results are summarized in a systematic and comprehensive fashi
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G. B¨orner, Garching, Germany A. Burkert, M¨unchen, Germany W. B. Burton, Charlottesville, VA, USA and Leiden, The Netherlands M. A. Dopita, Canberra, Australia A. Eckart, K¨oln, Germany T. Encrenaz, Meudon, France M. Harwit, Washington, DC, USA R. Kippenhahn, G¨ottingen, Germany B. Leibundgut, Garching, Germany J. Lequeux, Paris, France A. Maeder, Sauverny, Switzerland V. Trimble, College Park, MD, and Irvine, CA, USA
R. E. Gershberg
Solar-Type Activity in Main-Sequence Stars Translated by S. Knyazeva With 69 Figures and 17 Tables
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Professor Roald E. Gershberg Crimean Astrophysical Observatory Crimea Nauchny 98409, Ukraine
Dr. Svetlana Knyazeva Department of International Programmes Siberian Branch of RAS 17, Prosp. Akademika Lavrentieva Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
Cover picture: Flare on AD Leo of 18 May 1965. (Gershberg and Chugainov, 1966)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2005926088
ISSN 0941-7834 ISBN-10 3-540-21244-2 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-21244-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com © Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2005 Printed in The Netherlands The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting by the authors Final Layout: TechBooks India Cover design: design & production GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper
SPIN: 10992593
55/3141/BM - 5 4 3 2 1 0
In memory of Solomon Borisovich Pikelner, a marvelous person and eminent astrophysicist
Preface
Over the last decades our insight into the realm of stars was deepened considerably by many outstanding discoveries: pulsars, neutron stars predicted in the 1930s; discrete X-ray sources, stellar systems with much stronger X-ray emission than optical luminosity; maser emission related to the early stage of stellar evolution and to some oscillating supergiants that have reached an advanced evolutionary stage; intense outflow of matter from hot stars, etc. Parallel to these discoveries, which are mainly due to progressing methods of astrophysical observations, the comprehension of many stellar events improved markedly. The spectra of supernovae were successfully interpreted and the hydrodynamic theory of flares on them was elaborated. The theory of s
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