Solidago L. Species (Goldenrod): In Vitro Regeneration and Biologically Active Secondary Metabolites
The genus Solidago L. (family Asteraceae, Compositae), comprises some 120 species, mainly distributed throughout North America. From the USA, about 62 goldenrod species are reported, usually found in the north-western territories (Gleason 1952). This genu
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1 Distribution and Morphology of the Plants The genus Solidago L. (family Asteraceae, Compositae ), comprises some 120 species, mainly distributed throughout North America. From the USA, about 62 goldenrod species are reported, usually found in the north-western territories (Gleason 1952). This genus is also common in Canada, where the species have been classified into three groups on the basis of the morphological features of leaves and stems (Scoggan 1979). North American species have been transferred to the European flora (McNeill1976). These are: Solidago canadensis L.Sp. Pl.878 (1753), S.gigantea Aiton, Hart. Kew. 3:211 (1789) (=S.serotina Ait.), and S.graminifolia (L.) Salisb. Prodr. 199 (1796) ( =S.lanceolata L.). The first two species are abundant in Europe, and in Poland they are considered to be the most rampant plants of foreign origin (Guzikowa and Maycock 1986). The species S.canadensis is found in two varieties in Poland: var. canadensis and var. scabra (Muhl.) Torr. et Gray (Rostari.ski 1971). The variety canadensis, common in Europe, is very similar to S.altissima L.Sp. Pl.878 (1753) (S.canadensis var. scabra Torr. et Gray). The range of occurrence of the American species S.graminifolia, in turn, covers restricted areas of central Europe. In Poland this plant can be found in Lower Silesia and East Pomerania (Rostari.ski 1971). A widespread European species is S. virgaurea L.Sp. Pl.880 (1753) (incl. S. taurica Juz. ), which is only absent from the islands of Crete, Sicily, Iceland, the Azores and the Faeroes. Rostanski (1971) divides S. virgaurea into two subspecies: virgaurea, including the forms angustifolia C.Kocha, folisa Fiori., and obtusisquamea Kem.Nat., and the subspecies alpestris (W. et K.) Reichenb. Flora Europaea (McNeill 1976), in turn, distinguishes the subspecies minuta (L.) Arcangeli, Comp.Fl.Ital. 339 (1882) [subsp. alpestris (Walds. and Kit. ex Willd.) Hayek, S.lapponica With., S.jailarum Juz.]. The goldenrod often referred to this subspecies is S.macrorrhiza Lange in Willk. and Lange, Prodr.Fl.Hisp.2,39 (1865). This goldenrod occurs in south-western France and north-western Spain. The species known from Italy is S.litoralis Savi, Due Cent. Piante Etrusc. 182 (1804), and from north Bulgaria, S. virgaurea subsp.centifiora Velen., Fl.Bulg.278 (1891). Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, K.Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences in Poznan, Sw.Marii Magdaleny 14, 61-861 Poznan, Poland Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 43 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants XI (ed. by Y.P.S. Bajaj) ©Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1999
Solidago L. Species (Goldenrod)
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Flora Europaea also lists a North American species, S.sempervirens L.,Sp.Pl. 878 (1753), whose occurrence is restricted to the Azores and is termed S.sempervirens var. azorica (Hochst.) St. John. In the former USSR, 17 goldenrod species occur, including S.virgaurea and S.canadensis (Sziszkin 1959). Solidago species are perennial herbs with rhizomes, single stems, and simple entire or serrate leaves, sometimes forming ro
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