Stabilization of drifting sands using micro silica-lime-clay mixture as a mulch
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Stabilization of drifting sands using micro silica-lime-clay mixture as a mulch Fateme Naghizade Asl 1 & Hamid Reza Asgari 1 & Hojat Emami 2 & Mohammad Jafari 3 Received: 13 September 2017 / Accepted: 30 November 2017 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2017
Abstract Providing durable mulches with improved resistance using cheap materials in order to stabilize drifting sands is very important. Micro silica is one of these materials which in combination with lime and clay can offer resistant mulches. In the present study, different mixtures of micro silica-lime-clay were used as mulches. In all treatments, the amounts of 200 g clay and 10 g lime were used as the basic composites of mulches and micro silica was added at 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of clay dry weight. Generally, six different mixtures were obtained at three replicates and four parameters including surface soil shear strength (SS), penetration resistance (PR), soil losses (SL), and threshold friction velocity (V) were measured on samples after 7 and 60 days. Results showed that the application of micro silica in clay-lime mixture increased SS, PR, and V significantly, so that the increase in measured parameters depended on the applied micro silica rates. The more the micro silica rates, the greater decrease in soil erosion, so that the soil losses at a wind speed of 15 ms−1 decreased 100 times at the rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20% of micro silica and no losses were observed at these rates in comparison with control situation (0%). More improvements occurred in the mentioned properties of mulches during time. The application of 200 g clay, 10 g lime, and 20 g micro silica after 60 days was the best composition for improving the studied mulches resistance. Keywords Drifting sands . Stabilization . Mulch . Micro silica
Introduction Soil erosion, known as one of the most affecting factors in extending desert areas, incorporates significantly in soil and natural resources damages, air pollution, health threat, and socio-economic disturbances. Wind erosion is a function of two factors including wind and soil meaning that for the occurrence of wind erosion, the existence of dry soil and continuing repetitive winds are necessary over the entire surface. In other words, the soil erosion danger is more serious in those regions with loose, dry, and bare soils in which high-speed
* Hamid Reza Asgari [email protected] * Hojat Emami [email protected] 1
Combating Desertification, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
2
Soil Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3
Combating Desertification, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
winds blow repetitively (Kardous et al. 2005). Like other fluids, weight and kinetic energy of wind can cause toll, financial, and natural damages through blow-out; its shear and tension stresses exerting pressure forces on perpendicular and or angled surfaces. One of the fast and temporary strategies to combat desertification, wind erosion, and dust storm is the use of mulches o
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