State-Space Models for Assisting Loosely Coupled Inductive Power Transfer Systems Analysis
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State-Space Models for Assisting Loosely Coupled Inductive Power Transfer Systems Analysis Emilio Tanowe Maddalenna1 · Ruben Barros Godoy2 Received: 15 August 2017 / Revised: 13 November 2017 / Accepted: 18 November 2017 © Brazilian Society for Automatics–SBA 2017
Abstract In this work, inductive power transfer systems with five different compensation topologies are considered: series–series, parallel–series, series–parallel, parallel–parallel and double-sided LCC. State-space models are deduced in order to help engineers perform suitable dynamic analysis in the design process. Linearization procedures such as small signal assumptions are not employed. Finally, an example illustrates how the proposed equations can be used for analysis purposes. Keywords State-space model · Inductive power transfer system · Wireless power transfer system
1 Introduction Transmitting energy from a source to a load without physical contact over large air gaps is known as wireless power transfer (WPT). A particular type of WPT technology that is being widely applied nowadays in biomedical implants (Lu and Ki 2014; Lee et al. 2016; Tang et al. 2017) and electric vehicles (EV) battery charging (Maddalena et al. 2016; Godoy et al. 2016; Bi et al. 2016; Li et al. 2016; Bosshard and Kolar 2016a) is inductive power transfer (IPT). The IPT approach to wireless systems consists in two coils sharing a small fraction of their magnetic field, thus creating a loosely coupled interaction. Despite the low coupling coefficient between transmitter and receiver coils, which is typically in the range of 0.1–0.3, efficiency greater than 90% can be achieved with the use of compensation topologies (Bosshard and Kolar 2016b). Capacitive compensation is an essential feature of IPT systems. By assuring resonance in both primary and secondary sides, the reactive power flow is minimized and thus energy
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Emilio Tanowe Maddalenna [email protected] Ruben Barros Godoy [email protected]
1
Divisão de Engenharia Eletrônica, Insituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos, SP 12228-900, Brazil
2
Faculdade de Engenharias, Arquitetura e Geografia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil
losses are reduced. The classical compensation topologies are: series–series (SS), parallel–series (PS), series–parallel (SP) and parallel–parallel (PP), where “S” and “P” indicate the series or parallel arrangement of the resonant capacitor, respectively. Furthermore, a combination of inductors and capacitors can also be used yielding more complex networks. Although increasing the number of energy storage elements can contribute to the copper losses, these advanced compensations can bring about interesting properties such as unitary power factor in the pickup circuit (Keeling et al. 2010). As an example, Li et al. (2015) proposed the “double-sided LCC” topology whose resonant frequency is invariant to both load condition and mutual inductance between coils. Even though IPT is an intrinsic dynamic phenomenon where energy is exchanged betwee
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